Anthrax Research Paper

Anthrax is the disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, it is a gram-positive organism because of its thick peptidologlycon cell wall which stain crystal violet and they are rod shaped. The initial infection happens when spores get into the body. The spores can be activated and become Anthrax bacteria .They can then multiply and spread throughout the body producing toxins and causes severe illness.

Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium that forms spores and can survive long periods of time in extreme conditions. Once it enters into a host, the spores germinate and reproduce bacteria that contaminate the body through the blood stream. To suppress the host’s immune system, the bacteria produces Protective Antigen (PA), Lethal Factor (LF), and Edema Factor (EF). [4] These toxins target macrophages, which ingest invading microorganisms. The assault of the target cell is then performed by three non-toxic proteins. The Lethal Factor or the Edema Factor teams up with the Protective Agent, since the Protective Agent transports the Lethal Factor or Edema Factor into the cell. Inside the cell, the Lethal Factor converts ATP to cyclic AMP, while the Edema Factor disables a family of proteins known as the MAPKK. This shuts down the host’s immune system and eventually leads to its death. [4]

In the early 1900’s two scientists, Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou, discovered the first bacterium in the Bordetella genus. The genus was named after Bordet. The bacteria within the Bordetella genus are Gram-negative and rod-shaped. These bacteria are typically coccobacilli (coccoid) (Finger). These bacteria usually occur either in pairs or are single. They have a thin murein layer surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids, and they do produce a capsule (Bordetella, 2010). All the species apart from B. petrii are obligate aerobes as well as highly fastidious. The Bordetella bacteria are

When the bacteria flow into the skin from a cut or scratch the infection occurs. Some anthrax infections occur from inhalation of the spores of the bacteria. Anthrax infections can also be contracted Gastrointestinal by eating infected meats that have not been properly cooked.

population could be in danger. This is because portions of our population are unvaccinated which means they have the potential of contracting the diseases and spreading it. The large population could be a danger if this happens which would result in chaos throughout the world. Smallpox as a weapon could turn over any plan that is put in place even post vaccination and cause many deaths. It is the mode of transmission, low dose, and ability to cause a severe disease that makes it widely feared as a biological weapon (Weiss ea atl., 2004).

Caused by a poisonous nerve toxin, Botulism is regarded as one of the rare yet serious illnesses affecting people in various parts of the world. The toxin is released by the bacteria known as clostridium botulinum (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). They live in active forms and will be found in soil, honey and dust. In this state, the bacteria are covered by a hard coat and will thus survive various conditions such as heat and radiation. They will turn into the active form once they come into contact with the human body and start to make the nerve toxin. The toxins can also be found in improperly canned and refrigerated foods.

While finding information about Anthrax, I have learned some interesting facts about the illness. One, Bacillus Anthracis was the first bacterium proven to cause a disease. Anthrax is a word derived from Greek word anthrakos. The word means coal. Anthrax is a seasonal disease that is controlled by the weather. Robert Koch was the founder of the bacteria for Anthrax. He also found out that spores grow in many different environments. You need a thousand of spores for an infection. The bacterium for Anthrax has two structures that can not be found on other bacteria. The capsule is the outermost structure of the bacteria. Dying from Anthrax infection is still not completely understood because it happened so fast.

One form was spontaneous and produced skin lesions on laborers working with cattle. He suggested that this was caused by unhealthy food and drink and dirty clothes. The other form was contagious and consisted of two types of acquisition – external and internal. Both internal and external are considered contagious because they occur after touching or eating products of animals. Throughout Fournier’s observations, the inhalation of anthrax was the only method of contraction that was over-looked, he identified cutaneous and gastrointestinal anthrax. It was not until 1837 that the contraction of anthrax by inhalation was

There is an odorless, undetectable killer that could wipe away all traces of animal-life. Anthrax is the oldest biological weapon known to mankind, now mainly in the form of a white powder. Current resources are limited but scientist are constantly working to combat this bacterial weapon. Because anthrax is so undetectable, it can take days to see the effects of anthrax manifest inside the host, often it is too late to do anything about it. The reason this bacteria is so deadly is because spores are easy to obtain and once that happens, the world would see devastation beyond belief.

Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease that commonly gets caught by animals, especially herbivores such as goats, cattle, sheep horses and deer. This infection is caused by a bacteria called Bacillus Anthracis. Bacillus Anthrax are the form of bacteria that cause infection. Under the microscope Bacillus Anthracis look like gram-positive, rod-shapes. Anthrax organisms are found in a form called spores which live in the soil. Spores have been known to survive in the soil for a period of 48 years. These spores are round, oval, very hard-shelled and difficult to destroy.

Anthrax, an infectious disease that is extremely deadly, is caused by a Gram-positive, spore forming bacterium known as Bacillus anthracis. Herbivores are mainly infected with this bacterium, which eventually infects humans when they are exposed to contaminated animal products. Anthrax enters the human body via different routes; cutaneous, gastrointestinal and inhalation.

Smallpox, a disease caused by variola virus, is considered one of the biggest killers in terms of diseases in human history. Its eradication culminated a decade-long World Health Organization effort which began despite serious doubt and skepticism and succeeded to bypass a plethora of obstacles occasioned by floods, famine, civil war and bureaucratic inertia.

Chickenpox is one of the most infectious viruses of man. It mainly causes a mild illness in children, but may be severe mainly in immunosuppressed persons (the numbers of whom are increasing) in adults (Chickenpox (Varicella)-Topic Overview, 2016).To start with, there are some symptoms of this disease that can clearly be seen, before the rash appears the patient may feel mild flue like symptoms, for example: high temperature that would reach 39ºC, headache, aching, painful muscles and generally feeling unwell then the rash starts to appear all over the body (Chickenpox - Symptoms - NHS Choices. (2016). . This research project will discuss the personal characteristics, time and place characteristics moving to treatment and prevention of chickenpox in England from 1967 to 1985.

Animals obtain the disease by breathing in or ingesting the spores from contaminated soil, plants, or water. People become infected with anthrax when spores enter the body and undergo activation. The bacteria start to multiply and divide as the pathogen spreads to produce toxins and cause acute illness. This happens when people breathe in, eat, and drink contaminated spores similar to how animals acquire the disease.

Bacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped, nonmotile, aerobic, gram-positive bacterium that can be transmitted from herbivoric animals to humans (Figure 1). Before an animal’s death, its orifices exude blood containing huge quantities of the bacterium. Anthrax forms extremely resilient spores upon exposure to atmospheric conditions. Because of this spore-producing ability, even after the animal host dies the germs can sporulate again, persisting in the soil for up to several decades (1). No cases of human-to-human transmission have been reported for this zoonosis. Historically, human cases have been either industrial, as with woolsorter’s, or agricultural (2).