Anthrax Research Paper

“Bioterrorism remains a major threat for the United States despite more than $65 billion spent on protecting the country from myriad dangers, the Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center said in its latest report Wednesday. The center's Bio-Response Report Card evaluated U.S. preparedness for countering threats from bioterrorism and found the country remains vulnerable to multiple threats and "largely unprepared for a large-scale bioterrorist attack."”(UPI.com, 2011). There have been over a dozen leading U.S. bio-defense experts that have taken part in figuring out where we are exactly as a county and what the effects of a terroristic attack

Only recently, a federal injunction lifted the act forbade mandatory anthrax vaccinations for members of the armed services. The service members that sued insisted that the safety of the vaccine was not fully determined and a federal court supported the claim until the FDA determined the safety of the product. Furthermore, claims by parents who suspect the development of Autism as a link to mandatory childhood vaccinations has provided additional legal action as the parents pursue injunctions to prevent continued vaccination of their children.

Smallpox is known as a deadly disease usually bringing its uprising back in the early 70's. In 1973 a young child in Bangladesh caught an unknown disease. Scientist worked hard on the kid and found a regular vaccine to it but it was too late a group of food donors that worked in the U.S brought the disease back home.The U.S went on national alert trying to vaccinate anyone they could.So the uprising came.

Mr. Z was the name that a man named Nicholas Kristof, gave to a scientist that he believed to be the killer. While no names were ever mentioned in the columns, most people knew that Kristof was referring to a man by the name of Steven Hatfill. Hatfill had worked with anthrax in the past, and Kristof was a very well-respected journalist, whose word wasn’t taken lightly. The FBI suspected that Hatfill, could be Mr. Z and put him on 24/7 surveillance. This went on for months. The FBI raided and ransacked Hatfill’s apartment and found no evidence linking Hatfill to the mailings.

American children are taught throughout their primary education. That the native American population was almost wiped completely out by a disease from early settlers and conquistador. However they are not told that the disease used by these early invaders was known as smallpox. An pox virus that had appeared from time to time in the old world and laid waste to population centers. But where did it come from, are there different forms of this mysterious pathogen, is their a treatment, and how has it affected our world.

population could be in danger. This is because portions of our population are unvaccinated which means they have the potential of contracting the diseases and spreading it. The large population could be a danger if this happens which would result in chaos throughout the world. Smallpox as a weapon could turn over any plan that is put in place even post vaccination and cause many deaths. It is the mode of transmission, low dose, and ability to cause a severe disease that makes it widely feared as a biological weapon (Weiss ea atl., 2004).

I think it was not a good idea. The population grow rapidly and bring troubles, such as Smallpox Epidemic. The disease spread quickly and it caused over half of the coastal First Nations population had died. It also caused debts and the economic declined. Then the gold was running out and the miners left. These debts were too much and caused the British Columbia to merge with

The origin of anthrax. Anthrax spores occur naturally in soil and are found in animals such as cattle, sheep and goats. They can also be produced in a lab. Anthrax has first been used as a weapon in biological warfare in WW 1 by the German military. Japan, The United States and Great Britain also experimented with anthrax as a weapon.

Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax can occur in three different forms; skin, inhalation and intestinal. It is spread by contact with the bacteria spores, which are from infectious animal products. Usually contact occurs through breathing, eating or cut and does not spread between people.

The first strain mentions is the most common type which is foodborne botulism, food borne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulinum toxin; the most frequent source being home-canned foods prepared in an unsafe manner (CDC, 2016). The next type of botulism is wound botulism which is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum. Injection drugs users are at increased risk for wound botulism. The third type of botulism is infant botulism caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin (CDC, 2016). Bacteria from the spores can grow and multiply in a baby's intestines, producing a dangerous toxin. The condition can occur in infants up to age 12

Clostridium botulinum has strains ranging from A through E. Humans can get Type E Botulism if the toxin is ingested by eating an infected fish or animal (NYDEC 2015). Infection by botulism does not occur due to swimming in waters where affected fish or wildlife is found. However, cooking may not destroy the toxin, so it is recommended that ingestion of fish or game that show signs of illness be avoided. Symptoms of illness in birds include inability to hold their head up (drowning,) poor posture (dragging wings while standing,) and inability to fly. Affected fish usually die quickly, may swim erratically near the surface of the water, and are often seen washed up on shore.

Clostridium botulinum is part of the family Clostridiaceae and more specifically, the genus Clostridium. They are rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium. Because it’s in the Clostridium genus, it is a gram-positive bacterium. This means in addition to a plasma membrane, there is a thick layer of peptidoglycan. Also, the transportation is a direct secretion across the membrane instead of needing additional machinery to cross it like gram-negative does. This bacterium is a spore forming bacteria. These spores can contaminate foods such as fruits, vegetables, and honey. These spores are resistant to high temperature, above 100°C, chemical disinfectants and UV or gamma irradiation. This makes it difficult to eradicate the spores once formed. The bacterium itself can also be present

The most commonly used disease used as a weapon is Anthrax. Anthrax is a deadly disease that infects your skin and internal body organs. Anthrax can be caused by contact, inhalation and injection. Symptoms that are caused are skin blisters, fever, chest pain, shortage of breath, nausea and vomiting. 95% of cases are skin infections. Depending on the form of infection death can be as high as an 80% chance. Most common causes of infection are when animals eat infected plants and humans eat the infected animals . The deadliest bio weapon is Smallpox. Smallpox is an mass killing infection that has crazy symptoms and a high death rate. Symptoms include bumps all over the skin with a thick and opaque fluid often with a depression or dimple in the

As of today, November 11, 2016, 489 confirmed cases and 117 confirmed deaths of inhalation anthrax, the most deadly form of anthrax, have been reported to hospitals spread across Central Indiana. The first reported case was on November 4, 2016, after that the cases kept flooding in. The early symptom reports were minor, gradual and flu- like, often complaining of sore throats or headaches. After a few days, more and more people began to report these minor symptoms, in addition to more severe respiratory distress; such as shortness of breath, chest and muscle pain, and even coughing up blood. Hospitals were able to confirm that this was in fact inhalation anthrax when patients were found to have mediastinal widening and pleural effusion, often found in patients with this form of anthrax, by taking X- rays and CT scans of patient’s chest. Hospitals were also required to test directly for Bacillus anthracis, or the anthrax bacterium, in samples of blood, skin, spinal fluid, or respiratory secretions before patients could begin receiving the specific treatment for Anthrax. However, receiving lab reports and finally

Anthrax- a notifiable bacterial disease of sheep and cattle, typically affecting the skin and lungs. It can be transmitted to humans, causing severe skin ulceration or a form of pneumonia. The Bacteria is called Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax was recorded as the 5th plague in the Book of Genisis in 1491 B.C.. After the Egyptians discovered the disease by killing infected cattle, outbreaks were appearing in places where Romans, Hindus and Greeks lived. The 1st recorded cases of anthrax in the 1800’s were from European people working with dead animal bones and wool. The workers would contract it by the 2 types of disease, Inhalation Anthrax and Cutaneous Anthrax. Years later, Americans began to see infections in people who handled materials with