Anthrax Toxin And The Medical Field

The other types mainly cause disease in animals. Most Clostridium species produce only one type of neurotoxin.

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, facultative aerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely distributed among the environment.

When Shiga toxins reach the blood vessels a chemical chain reaction occurs and begins to form small blood clots. Some of the high risc organs are the kidneys, pancreas, and even the brain. The toxin can also shut down protein makers which will cause cell injury or death. The toxin will also damage red blood cells and even kill them off. There are even scientific studies that link E.Coli to long term emotional disturbances.

A new strain of Clostridium botulinum has been discovered that has caused many problems. To begin, this discovery is important as this strain of Clostridium botulinum is responsible for the deadly illness, botulism. As a result, the scientists that discovered this new strain, they decided to keep their findings to themselves and not to to the public. Not to mention that another reason why this new strain of Clostridium botulinum is important is because it is one of the first to be identified in 40 years. Ultimately, the finding of the new strain of Clostridium botulinum is important as it could affect the future effectively.

Clostridium botulinum is an, anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria that causes the disease known as botulism (Smith and Sugiyama, 1988). It produces a potent neurotoxin called botulinum toxin which causes botulism or more specifically foodborne botulism. The spores of the bacteria can survive high temperatures and can live in foods that are incorrectly or poorly processed (FDA). There are seven types of botulism recognized, (A-G), but only A, B, E, and F cause human botulism (FDA).

Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii (CDC, 2016). Ever since the beginning of time, botulism has been around and food-borne botulism has probably accompanied mankind since its beginning. As long as man has tried to preserve and store food, some of the chosen conditions in the various regions of the world were optimal for the presence and growth of Clostridium botulinum: for example, the storage of ham in barrels of brine in France, poorly dried herring in the Baltic, trout packed to ferment in willow baskets in Scandinavia, sturgeon roe not yet salted and piled in a heap on old

Also, the anthrax spores can take between 1 - 60 days to begin to germinate in the body.

Clostridium botulinum is a kind of bacterium that is responsible for botulism. This is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. There are 7 types of toxins caused by C.botulinum, A-G, but only 4 of these toxin are known to cause a disease in humans they are A, B,E, and F. Only type A is universal throughout the world. Toxin G is encoded in the plasmid unlike the rest are encoded in the bacterial chromosome. What is special about type C. Botulinum is that it can only produce its toxin during sporulation. Clostridium botulinum will only become active when the environmental conditions are appropriate but other than that the endospores of Clostridium botulinum will stay “asleep” in contaminated foods. This type

In the United States there are between one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty cases each year. The three main types of botulism, they are broken down in the following stats, and each is a threat in their own right. Each one can be cured, but will leave one questioning everything they ingest from now on.

Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin which is the strongest human known toxin. This makes it have great potential for use as a bioweapon. The concern for this has risen due to Iraq’s production, under Saddam Hussein’s rule, of 19,000 liters of botulinum toxin in 1995. This amount is enough to kill the entire population of humans on earth, three times over. The use of this neurotoxin could be in the form of aerosol or food contamination. For this reason, it is highly studied. It is also the reason I picked Clostridium botulinum as the bacterium to do my research paper on.

The 5 main kinds of botulism and modes of transmission are: Foodborne, Wound, Infant, Adult Intestinal toxemia, and Iatrogenic. Foodborne botulism can happen by ingesting foods that have been contaminated by the botulinum toxin. Examples are homemade food that has been improperly stored, canned, preserved or fermented. Also alcohol consumption from homemade recipe called Pruno, which is made usually by fermenting fruit, sugar, water and other common ingredients in a sealed plastic bag for several days can cause the botulism bacteria to make the toxin. Alaska has more foodborne botulism than any other states in the country. Alaskans have usually gotten

imagine back in the early 2000's when anthrax was a major concern for people all over the world and begin to ask why were they really shipping live anthrax all over back then?

These bacteria can be found in in soil, dust and rivers. The bacteria is not harmful but when placed in and area where it does not have enough oxygen such as in closed tins, jars, bottles, soil and mud it produces poisonous toxins. Botulin can affect the nervous system by attacking the brain and the spinal cord. Resulting in muscle weakness and loss of muscle tone and subsequent paralysis.

Clostridium Botulinum is a neurotoxin that is released, that can cause the disease Botulism. Writing this paper will show the importance of how toxic this bacteria actually is, and to also give information on not only humans but animals as well. This paper will show the method of contraction, symptoms, treatment and prevention.

The build up of stomach acid may cause irritation and excess pain to individuals. Luckily, antacids being a weak base can help relieve the symptoms and pain. Antacids, such as Gelusil, Medi-Firs, Alka Seltzer, and Alcalak are neutralizing agents of acids that become helpful to the human body when heartburn occurs. Heartburn, also known as acid reflux is a common medical issue that occurs when hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the stomach moves backward along the digestive track to the esophagus (located within the throat). This reverse flow of fluids causes a burning sensation due to and possible sour taste that is characteristic of acids [1].