Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, brought on by excessive excitability of neurons in the brain. A seizure is divided into two broad categories: partial and generalized. Symptoms can range from brief periods of unconsciousness to violent convulsions. Epilepsy is initiated by synchronous, high-frequency discharge from a group of hyperexcitable neurons called a focus. A focus may result from several causes, including congenital defects, hypoxia at birth, head trauma, brain infection, stroke, cancer, and genetic disorders. The Anti-epileptic drugs can suppress mania and/or depression and stabilize mood in a patient with BPD. Drugs including, divalproes sodium, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine …show more content…
Neuropathic pain coming from damaged nerve or central nerve (stroke). Drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin showed evidence that they work in long term nerve pain with diabetes and pain after shingles. However, only between 1 in 10 or 4 in 4 people will get this level of benefit, depending on the pain condition and the drug. Most people will get no pain relief. The antiepileptic drugs work in ways that can suppress discharge on neurons within a seizure focus and suppress propagation of seizure activity from the focus to other areas of the brain. But now it appears that all the AEDs act through five basic …show more content…
Suppression of Calcium influx: In the axon terminal influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels promotes transmitter release; hence, drugs that block these calcium channels can suppress transmission. Several AEDs calcium channels can suppress transmission. Several AEDs including valproic acid and ethosuximide, act by this mechanism. 3. Promotion of potassium influx: Drug (ezogabine ) act on voltage-gates potassium channels to facilitate potassium influx. – underlie the drug’s ability to slow repetitive neuronal firing thereby provide seizure control
4. Antagonism of Glutamate: is the primary excitatory transmitter in the CNS. This work through two receptors’ NMDA receptors (N-menthel-D-aspartate receptors) and AMPA receptors (Apha_amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl_4- isoxazole propionic acidrereceptors), - This action suppress neuronal excitation
5. Potentiation of GABA: AEDs potentiate the action of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed through the brain. by augmenting the action of GABA, these drugs decrease neuronal excitability, thus suppress seizure activity
The drugs produce side effects in most people, but there is a lack of evidence for most of the drugs in most types of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. Drugs such as lacosamide, lamotrigine, carbamazepam, clonazepam, phynytam have shown at least 50% pain intensity reduction over
To determine whether the antiGAD-SHNNC-GAD is active after administration, the motor unit activity of all mice will be recorded by electromyography (EMG) device. EMG will demonstrate a higher rate of involuntary motor unit firing as well as continuous motor unit activity in control GAD65-/- mice due to lack of synaptic vesicular GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. However, drug administered GAD65-/- mice will show normal motor unit activity (predicted result). In addition, to determine in vivo activity of antiGAD-SHNNC-GAD, mice need to be sacrificed and the amount of GABA can be determined by LCMS as described before (Fig. 26). We will also monitor neural activity and seizure development in GAD65-/-, GAD67-/- and GAD65.67−/− mice with electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings (telemetry system, IMT-100E, Star Medical, Tokyo Japan) following by analysis of their GABA-dependent emotional behavior, in
Seizure are uncontrolled or sudden abnormal electrical activity in the brain which causes abnormal motor and sensory activity and where the patient becomes unconsciousness. It is caused by the depolarization of the neurons. Any changes that takes place in our body that may be internal or external it can easily stimulate the irritable neurons. Seizure last for a second or a minute, in which the neurons stops unexpectedly. The pattern of electrical activity or brain waves during a seizure can be seen in EEG, by knowing what type of seizure. There are different
The two most common categories are focal and generalized epilepsy. The epilepsy that a person has is determined by the location of the damaged neurons within the brain. Focal epilepsy is characterized by seizures that affect the mind instead of the body. A seizure of the mind can cause an epileptic person to see or hear things that are not there, or to cry or feel anger for no reason. This category of epilepsy is vast but not well known, so many people that suffer from focal epilepsies are often assumed to be on drugs, alcohol, or mentally unstable. Generalized epilepsy is characterized by seizures of the body. These seizures are more commonly known throughout the world. Generalized epilepsy can be split into two subcategories by the type of seizure a person suffers from. The two types of generalized epileptic seizures are tonic-clonic seizures and absence seizures. A tonic-clonic seizure is the most well-known type of seizure. During a tonic-clonic seizure, a person loses control of their body and starts convulsing uncontrollably. Absence seizures are the near opposite of tonic-clonic seizures. During absence seizures, a person’s body is frozen and they appear to be daydreaming. Though these seizures are virtually unnoticed, they make it difficult to complete work or pay
Seizure disorders, according to the Mayo Clinic (2015), affect approximately 1 in 26 people in the United States. Persistent, or chronic, seizures result from a condition called epilepsy, a neurological disorder of the central nervous system. It can affect anyone regardless of age, but is more common during early childhood and after age 60. Given the number of people that seizure disorders, such as epilepsy, affect, it becomes helpful to gain a foundational understanding of the disease, including some of the causes, symptoms, and treatments available.
which in turn inhibits the second order neurons that transmit the nociceptive signals to the
A sudden attack of neurons is a complex neurological disorder, deemed the term seizure. A seizure is the physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical brain activity.1 Epilepsy or seizure disorders affect about 1.8 percent of adults 18 years or older.2 Men present with their first seizure more often; 58%. Symptoms associated with seizures vary according to the brain region affected, and do not always indicate a seizure. Some symptoms involved are drooling, brief blackout, shaking of the entire body, and sudden falls.1 According to John Hopkins Medicine, there are generalized, absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, atonic, and partial seizures.3 Most times individuals with seizure activities
Anticonvulsants main domains consist of treating seizures and bipolar disorder. Many researchers believe that anticonvulsants increase concentration of the neurotransmitter GABBA. Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, and Gabapentin are the main anticonvulsants used to treat the disorder.
Epilepsy affects about 65 million people around the world. In average, the incidence of epilepsy is about 150,000 people every year in the United Stated (Schachter, Shafer, and Sirven, 2013). It is a neurological disease of the brain marked by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Likewise, the recurrent unprovoked seizures are temporary disturbances of the brain function due to abnormal, excessive electrical activity in the brain (“Fact,” n.d.). Seizures may vary from person to person, thus, they are sub-classified into different types of seizures. They reoccur at unexpected times, so this has led to several different innovations to aid people with seizures to alert and to prevent the risks of seizures. In this paper, the information and importance
Epilepsy is a serious global problem that affects approximately 1% of people worldwide (1). Epilepsy is a chronic condition of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by epileptic seizures, which can affect physical and mental functions (2). Epileptic seizures are unprovoked reoccurring episodes of abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronis neuronal activity in the CNS (2). The treatment options of epilepsy include medications called antiepileptic drugs (AED) and surgeries based on individuals’ specific diagnosis and background (1). The AED Keppra®, S-enantiomer of α-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide, or Levetiracetam (LEV) is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment and prevention of epileptic
A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of abnormal electrical and chemical activity in the brain. This activity temporarily interrupts normal brain function.
“Epilepsy is a neurological condition, which affects the nervous system. (www.epilepsy.com/101/ep101_epilepsy) Epilepsy is also known as seizure disorder. People are usually diagnosed after having two seizures that was caused by a known medical condition such as extremely low blood sugar or withdrawal from alcohol.
People uneducated about Epilepsy may have confused thoughts on what it really is. People have these "notions," which are partly or entirely not true. So, throughout this research paper, these notions will be proven untrue, mostly by factual information given by
Seizures occur in the body due to a deviation from normal electrical signaling. There are two different classes of seizures. Generalized “Grand Mal” seizures differ from partial seizures in that they, “constitute 30% of seizures, involve neurons bilaterally, often do not have a local (focal) onset, and usually originate from a subcortical or deeper brain focus” (McCance and Huether, 551). These types of seizures have a wide variety of onsets and affect both brain hemispheres, as opposed to the more fine-tuned, partial (focal) seizures. Partial seizures involve neurons unilaterally, begin in a particular region of the brain (one hemisphere), have a local onset, and can spread throughout the brain. In contrast to generalized seizures, in
Epilepsy, also called seizure disorder, chronic brain disorder that briefly interrupts the normal electrical activity of the brain to cause seizures, characterized by a variety of symptoms including uncontrolled movements of the body, disorientation or confusion, sudden fear, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy may result from a head injury, stroke, brain tumor, lead poisoning, genetic conditions, or severe infections like meningitis or encephalitis. In over 70 percent of cases no cause for epilepsy were identified. About 1 percent of the world population, or over 2 million people, are diagnosed with epilepsy.
seizure through controlled electric shock, under anesthesia. The process itself is under scrutiny because it is not entirely understood, which is main a reason why it is only considered in the direst of cases. ECT tends to have severe physical health risks and with the introduction of newer and less harmful antidepressant drugs, it is being used far less often (Comer, 2005). This new class of drugs includes three main types; monoamine oxidase (MAOI) inhibitors, tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).