Anti-dumping is a Necessary Part of International Trade Legislation

WTO: World Trade Organization deals with the global trading rules between international governments. The overall rules must be predictable enough so that everyone involved isn’t dealing with chaotic sudden changes.

According to Article VI of GATT, during the Uruguay Round, antidumping means charging extra import duty on a product in order to bring its price closer to the fair value or to help domestic industries from injury. Also, you need to calculate the extent of dumping, investigate the impact to importing countries, and look into all economic factors that could affect before you can impose tariff (definition, n.d.).

World Trade Organization ( WTO Eng . World Trade Organization (WTO) - an international organization founded January 1, 1995 for the purpose of international trade liberalization and regulation of trade and political relations between the Member States. WTO established under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) .WTO is responsible for the introduction of new parts as well as enforces the members of the organization of all agreements signed by most countries and ratified by their parliaments. WTO bases its activities on the basis of decisions taken in the years 1986-1994 in the framework of the Uruguay Round and earlier GATT agreements. As of July 2012 , there are different groups of negotiations in the WTO system to address current issues in terms of agriculture, which leads to stagnation in the negotiations themselves .WTO headquarters is in Geneva , Switzerland. WTO chief ( CEO ) - Roberto Carvalho de Azevedo , in the state of the organization about 640 people. On March 2, 2013 the WTO consisted of 159 countries .

Over the years, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has prided itself as the central element in the international economic management system across the world. This system incorporates other international bodies such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund as well as a series of other regional trade regimes that are growing. Collectively, these structures provide a mechanism that addresses international economic interdependence as well enhancing economic interactions that offer the promise of maximizing social welfare across the globe. These aspects have been brought about due to the focus given in the post-Cold War era where international relations have evolved beyond a narrow emphasis on politico-military affairs.

The world economy today is characterized by a lot of different processes constantly changing its essence. Thus, the topicality of this paper is based on an increasing number of countries recognizing their interdependence and therefore the relevance of the integration associations without which it is difficult to imagine the relationship between any of the countries. Economic integration at the international level implies a cooperation of economies tend to pursue mutual assistance and development, mainly in the area of trade.

Since the mid-20th century, countries have progressively reduced barriers, subsidies to domestic industries and diverse restrictions on international commerce in order to promote specialization and greater efficiency in production. In theory, free trade allows nations to focus on their main comparative advantages and profit from cooperation and voluntary trade. This strategy is usually reinforced by treaties between two or more countries where commerce of goods and services can be handled across their common borders, without tariffs and other trade obstacles. As a key component of regional integration in the Americas, CAFTA-DR is one important example of this economic ideology.

Antidumping laws, which punish foreign producers for selling their products in domestic markets at low prices, have been in existence for decades. Since the finalization of the Uruguay Round of GATT they have taken on increased importance, and the GATT agreement included an antidumping provision to which all signatories must adhere. Before the recent GATT agreement was concluded, only about 40 countries had antidumping provisions in their domestic laws.

Columbia Encyclopedia, (1993) defined dumping as the selling of goods at less than normal price, usually as exports in international trade. It may be done by a producer, a group of producers, or a nation. However, dumping is usually done to drive competitors off the market and secure a monopoly, and/or to hinder foreign competition. Nations, in an effort to counterbalance international dumping, often resorted to flexible tariffs. International trade through acute competition from foreign producers often leads to dumping infractions of law. A policy regarding dumping, depends on its effectiveness in maintaining separate domestic and foreign

The conventional trade instrument such as anti-dumping is frequently and widely used in last few decades, in the background of globalization, the conventional trade policy is probably not going to be powerful tool for a country to implement it, there are some other unconventional policy tools which are not obvious to detect.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global organization that helps countries and producers of goods deal fairly and smoothly with conducting their business across international borders. It mainly does this through WTO agreements, which are negotiated and signed by a large majority of the trading nations in the world. The purpose of the WTO is to ensure that global trade commences freely, smoothly and predictably while also aiming to create economic peace and stability in the world through a multilateral system. This is based and applied to member states, currently 162 countries, that have consented and ratified the rules of the WTO in their individual countries. Simply put, these documents act as contracts that provide the legal framework for conducting business among nations, integrating into a country 's domestic legal system, therefore, applying to local companies and nationals in the conduct of business internationally. For instance, if a company were to open an office or business in a foreign country, the rules of the WTO dictates how that can be done.1

The Russian Federation believes that the anti-dumping measure on some steel products has caused a decrease in profits from the steel or steel-based products as well as the questionable legality of the anti-dumping measures placed upon Russian and Chinese steel by the European Union. According to the Request for Consultations by the Russian Federation, “the European Union imposed definitive anti-dumping duties retroactively, even though the conditions for levying definitive anti-dumping duties retroactively set out in that provision, including the condition in Article 10.6(i) which the European Union chose to rely upon, were not met and/or not supported by sufficient evidence, either individually or taken together.” (WTO, 2017) and thus there was no evidence or reasoning for the European Union to establish the anti-dumping measures and in fact, the European Union was inconsistent with the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ("AD Agreement"). The Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 was put into effect after the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was replaced with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the WTO set up several policies regarding anti-dumping measures. The anti-dumping measures were a minor component of the larger trade agreement, formerly known

Anti-dumping has unique combination of political and economic manipulability. During the last fourteen years of WTO, the use of Anti-dumping has become rampant that it is criticised as threatening to limit the market access achieved under WTO trade negotiations over the last fifty years or so. Even though the use of WTO’s Anti-doping has been associated with fear that its measures are used for protectionist purpose, many countries support it because it can be used to counter against unfair trade practices.

A country is said to be “dumping” a product if it exports its goods at a predatory price i.e. a value much lower than original production costs, somewhere below the price charged in the domestic market and is considered illegal. An anti-dumping duty is a protectionist tariff imposed by the domestic government on foreign imports that it believes are priced below the fair market value.

     The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. One of the youngest of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War. The World Trade Organization exists to ensure that trade between nations flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It provides and regulates the legal issues which governs world trade now .

In my own perspective, the definition of the like product in WTO anti-dumping law should be reformed regarded to several reasons such as: