of medicine extending human lifespan and enabling worldwide breakthroughs including safer childbirth, surgeries and organ transplants (2). However, the unnatural selective pressure of antimicrobials on microorganisms has resulted in microbial evolution consequently, leading to these agents losing their effectiveness against microbes as they adapt mechanisms to resist them. Mechanisms such as efflux pumps, modification enzymes and acquired resistance genes are common and can be transferred between microbes
Evolution of Microbial Resistance Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic drug in which it was originally sensitive to. Resistant organisms are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals which makes standard treatment procedures ineffective. Antimicrobial resistance is something that has evolved naturally via natural selection through random mutations, it can also be achieved by applying
infections. This is not only a problem that the United States faces but it’s a worldwide crisis. In this paper I will address how overuse of antibiotics has caused an influx of drug resistant infections specifically C-Diff and how this impacts human health worldwide and the efforts to fight against it. Literature searches using the databases CINAHL Complete and PubMed were used to gather data on the overuse of antibiotics contributing to C-Diff. A total of 98 articles were generated using specific
promotion” (625). Pertaining to antibiotic overuse are health providers’ financial incentives, which encourage antibiotics instead of prescribed drugs (Tomson & Vlad 119; Finch 96) by emotionally, and ethically appealing to individuals with advertisements, as well as pharmacies promoting antibiotics instead of recommending the doctor in order to build their own credibility and generate profit. Although physicians may have a bad name due to their 80% overall antibiotic prescribing rate for viral infections
Antibiotics are the most successful drugs used for the human treatment and they have proved as a very effective weapon against infections, but they are considered as important pollutants also. Antibiotic pollution is increasingly being accepted as a promoter of antibiotic resistance that may include over-prescription and mishandling of antibiotics. Researchers have found out this fact that when an antibiotic is consumed; up to 90 percent passes through a body without taking part in metabolism. Antibiotics
from the overuse of them. The biggest risk of these particles is that the bacteria we want to eliminate will develop a resistance. The overuse of these particles could also be causing harm to the
Antibiotics are used by millions of people every day, myself included. Their uses include a wide variety of circumstances like treating common colds or battling infections during surgeries. The versatility of the antibiotic also happens to be its greatest downfall. The overuse and misuse of these medications, as well as a lack of new drug development by the pharmaceutical industry contributes to the rapid growth of antibiotic resistance. The emergence of resistant bacteria occurring worldwide, endangers
Antibiotic Resistance: The Setting Antibiotic resistance can develop wherever antibiotics are: medical facilities, animal products and communities. Breaks in infection control, inadequate water sanitation and poor hygiene all contribute to the spread of resistant bacteria from person to person (Collignon, et al., 2015). The majority of antibiotic usage worldwide is in animals raised as a food source (Collignon, et al., 2015). 80% of antibiotic use in the United States is for growth promotion and
How will rising antibiotic resistance impact primary healthcare? It was in the middle 1800s when the medicine started gaining a shape, scientists are nowadays still struggling to smooth. Once the Germ Theory was accepted the importance of microorganisms was revealed. It is since then that science tries to understand and combat the little enemies living inside us. Bacteria are the smallest microorganisms being known by their astonishing dividing capacity. They divide by binary fussion meaning that
Diabetes mellitus is a major non-communicable diseases and public health problem [1]. According to the International diabetes federation, approximately 69.2 million people affected nationwide and worldwide 415 million people having diabetes [2]. The risk factors of foot ulcer are 10 times more predominant in diabetic patients as compared to without having diabetes [3]. Foot ulcer infection in patients with one or more of this risk factor which help to the development of wounds that can be poor to