Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria And Antibacterial Effects On Seven Different Bacterial Strains Essay

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

One environment where bacteria are regularly exposed to antibiotics is in large livestock operations, where producers very often treat their cows and other animals with drugs to prevent epidemics in the unsanitary and overcrowded conditions, which are common in the livestock industry. The simple reason for this is that in the short term it is cheaper to drug up the animals with antibiotics than to keep a clean living environment for them. Another big reason for these producers to drug up the animals is the fact that feeding antibiotics to the livestock makes for larger animals. The problem occurs when bacteria in these animals survive the bombardment of antibiotics, and some always do, the

There was another area of testing, in which we tested the effectiveness of common household spices on bacteria and yeast. My group tested Paprika, which showed to have no effect on the Serratia. There was a lab-malfunction, in which we tested Serratia twice, which inhibit the results of Paprika on yeast. However, other groups tested different spices/food which showed to be very effective; vinegar and honey (on Serratia), and garlic for both bacteria and yeast.

Widespread use of antibiotics has been very controversial in the media as well in the general population. Due to these controversies, it is very misunderstood to how antibiotics work leading to many patients in the hospital setting wanting to take them when it is not necessary or refusing to take when it is necessary for their survival. Some of this controversy is due to antibiotic resistance, which has spread an alarming rate in the 21st century (Walsh, 2000). Antibiotic resistance is the result of very strong bacteria or microbes that are resistant to the antibiotic prescribed and those microbes accumulate overtime by their survival, reproduction and transfer, leading to increased levels of antibiotic resistance.

Without a doubt, the issue with antibiotic resistance has become one of the most urgent health problems in the world. Recent studies have proven that antibiotics are becoming less effective in the recent years. For instance, developing countries like China and Kuwait experienced rapid growth in antibiotic resistance. In the years between 1994 and 2002 the reported cases of hospital and community-acquired antimicrobial infections for China boosted from 22% to 41% and Kuwait also experienced an average of 17% growth from 1999 to 2003 (Zhang 1). As the prevalence of superbugs is becoming more common due to excessive or incorrect use of penicillin and quinolones, people are more susceptible to contact this lethal microbe. The existence of antibiotic is meant to be beneficial to the human population because the drug itself is very effective at curing illnesses and enhancing food safety (Clemmitt 1). At the same time, people are generating a more serious issue by overusing the drugs.

Also known as superbugs, these bugs are resistant to our modern day antibiotics. People around the world are trying to figure out alternatives to this plague. These bugs have evolved over years and years becoming stronger and passing down genes from generation to generation, To slowly become the super bugs that they are known as today. Often these resistant genes are caused by overuse of antibiotics by humans and farm animals, but this is not always true. Recently the ARS (the American Recorder Society) found antibiotic resistance in prairie soils that had no human contact. Antibiotic resistance is commonly viewed as a result of antibiotic overuse in humans and animals, Recently found antibiotic-resistant

Antibiotic resistance is and continues to be a global public health issue1.One of the main concerns stems from the ability for bacteria to obtain antibiotic resistance very easily as a result of chromosomal changes, or through plasmids and transposons which generate an exchange of genetic material2. Resistance can also result from single or multiple mutations1,3. To combat this rising force, scientists must research and analyse the many possibilities of mutations in a variety of genes and proteins in specific bacteria and ways to combat them.

It is undeniable that the recent discovery of antibiotics and disinfectants in the past century is leading to the creation of increasingly dangerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Super bugs like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus have begun breaking out in hospital areas, killing more and more patients due to the lack of people following through with simple safety measures. In order to stop the creation and spread of antibiotic-resistant super bugs, proper precautions must be taken such as avoiding antibacterial cleaners, following through with instructions when taking prescriptions and maintaining adequate hand hygiene. Through adhering to basic safety rules, the creation and spread of super bugs can be minimized and all together

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

When an individual gets sick from a bacterial infection, antibiotics have undoubtedly changed the lives of many people by saving them from death (Davies, 2010). Since the discovery of antibiotics, scientists have been finding ways to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics. For the past decades, there’s been an alarming increase of antibiotic resistance globally (Witte, 2006). Antibiotics should ideally get rid of infectious diseases but instead the bacteria are finding ways to fight back. A bacterium that has persistently become more resistant to antibiotics is Staphylococcus aureus and is more deadly compared to other disease causing bacteria (Naber, 2009). S. aureus is often found in hospitals and infects patients most frequently partly due to the bacterium being found on one out of every two people (Bud, 2007 p. 118). This bring up the concern of bacterial resistance and the potency of antibiotics in the future. How will scientists, physicians, or patients fight off bacterial infections if the bacteria are becoming resilient against the medicine that should kill them? Even though bacteria are more resistant, antibiotics can still be effective towards the pathogenic bacteria. Penicillin has been noted as the one of the most significant finding in medical history (Bud, 2007 p. 1). Since it’s serendipitous discovery, penicillin is used to combat illnesses in patients in a quick and efficient

Flues, colds, and diseases flow in and out through all seasons of the year. The illnesses caused many patients to go to the doctors and to get help. In return, the patients will likely get antibiotics prescribed by the doctors. Antibiotics are drugs or a type of medicine that will prevent or inhibit bacteria which is causing the infection. Many people think that antibiotics can completely cure their infection by taking them, but many people do not realize the importance of antibiotic resistance and the evolution of bacteria.

Antibiotic resistance is a major topic talked about today in the scientific and medical communities because of the increased rate it is occurring. Antibiotics are medicines used to treat foreign bacteria in the body. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, when testing the bacteria pathogen Staphylococcus aureus; the mold in his lab was capable of killing bacteria. Taking too many antibiotics can destroy the microbes in the gut, which help fight the bacteria in the first place. When bacteria changes DNA in the cell, the newly formed bacteria infection is now resistant to the former antibiotic treatments used previously ("Facts about Antibiotic Resistance" 2016). Once the bacteria cannot be inhibited by the antibiotic,

The primary function of antibiotics is to help kill pathogens that threaten the health of the individual. They do this by getting inside of the disease-causing organism and disrupting its vital processes. There are several ways to disrupt the processes, two major mechanisms will be discussed: One way is to interfere with cell wall synthesis. Beta-lactams are the class of antibiotics that perform this function. Among the Beta-lactams are penicillin and cephalosporin ("How do antibiotics work?" 1997). Another antibiotic mechanism is to interrupt protein synthesis. Tetracyclines and erythromyocin function in this way ("How do antibiotics work?" 1997). They belong to a class of antibiotics named aminoglycerides.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a public health challenge supplemented by inappropriate prescribing, especially for an upper respiratory tract infection in primary care. Patient/carer expectations have been identified as one of the main drivers for inappropriate antibiotics prescribing by primary care physicians. The aim of this study was to understand who expects an antibiotic for a upper respiratory tract infection from their doctor and the reasons underlying it.

The venom preparation area having separated air-handling unit and all the venom activities strictly performed in biosafety cabinet. During handling of venoms, appropriate gowning procedure followed with all necessary safety equipments. The detoxification method mentioned by Brunda et al. (2006) was followed for detoxification of RV and CV. In brief, for the preparation of venom stock solution 1 mg/ml lyophilized venoms reconstituted with sterile normal saline.