Otitis Medi Annotated Bibliography

American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treat with an antibiotic. This article is classified as an evidence based guideline because, it reviews multiple research literatures in a systemic manner and provides

This evidence meets the criteria for a filtered source. It was sourced online from the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics and Family Physicians. Specialists from multi medical disciplines assembled to create an integrative systematic study and review of the current evidence- based literature available for the treatment and management of Acute Otitis Media (AOM). The conclusions and findings were utilized to devise guidelines and a practice protocol that recommended early diagnosis and makes

The article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) that addresses acute otitis media (AOM) is a filtered resource. This article is appropriate for use in nursing practice as it establishes diagnosis and management guidelines for the treatment of AOM. In addition the article recommends treatment options for the symptoms of AOM and addresses the concept of watchful waiting. The is an evidence based guideline as it provides recommendations for practice and was created a systematic review and best clinical research in clinical literature. The Block article, Causative Pathogens,

Twenty-six percent of infants ears demonstrated hearing loss during the first year of life, and 78% of children’s ears demonstrated hearing loss during the study period. Of the children’s ears with hearing loss, 100% had a conductive component and 26% had an additional sensorineural component (mixed hearing loss…Common temporal bone findings included thickening and sclerosis of the

Observation: Since the patient is only complaining of hearing loss in one ear the patient may elect for no intervention. However, the patient would then need to go under close observation to monitor

A couple times a year local and national mass media put the spotlight on problems connected to antibiotic overuse. Some people consider those problems to be real and serious, and others think that the discussed topics are nothing more than new “fashionable” subjects to talk about, distracting people from “real” problems, such as climbing gas prices or war expenses. Meanwhile, antibiotic overuse continues as a common practice among US doctors and agribusinesses for the last 20 years. The practice of antibiotic overuse has put patient’s health at risk, contributed to antibiotic resistance and increased bacterial mutation to a new, stronger level; as well as it hitting the economy with new costly expenses in health care. It is time to stop

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

Getting parents involved is essential to supporting the development of a child with hearing loss. Counselling parents on the type and degree of hearing loss their child has and the effects of hearing loss is important. It is important to not focus solely on what the child cannot hear but also what the child can hear. Parents will need a lot of support in the beginning and it is my job as an audiologist to provide information and my professional advice. The goal is to help parents make the choices that are right for them and create positive outcomes for the child. It is necessary for parents to understand the benefit of amplification or intervention services so that everyone involved is working towards a common goal. Parents should also be knowledgeable of the services available to them and be prepared to advocate for their child. The school system provides supports for children with hearing loss and parents need to know how to obtain the services for their child. The audiologist can act as a resource for parents at any point as the child develops there will be new challenges. There is a partnership between the parent and the audiologist based on trust and a mutual understanding to provide the best care for the

Acute Otitis Media (AOM), inflammation or infection of the middle ear, is an illness most parents have had experience with. Countless hours of lost sleep and worry secondary to their child’s pain and distress can keep even the most seasoned parents awake at night. Before the age of 36 months, 83% of children will experience 1 or more ear infections and AOM is the most common reason for office visits of preschoolers in the United States (Zhou, Shefer, Kong & Nuorti, 2008). The graphic below serves as a review of evidence and explores the usefulness of the information in relation to the option of watchful waiting in the management of AOM.

Otitis media (OM) is the main source of ear disease in Indigenous children (AIHW, 2014). OM can lead to fluctuating hearing loss and it usually does not show any symptoms so that detect without specialist screening is difficult (AIHW, 2014). Indigenous children’s development and schooling would be seriously affected as early childhood hearing loss is detrimental to brain development, lead to low language development and poor social development (AIHW, 2014). In Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, the disease embodies early, often within the first two weeks of life, and usually presents as middle ear effusion, or glue ear (AIHW, 2014). The reasons for high rates of ear disease in Indigenous children are household overcrowding, passive smoking, premature birth, bottle feeding and malnutrition (AIHW, 2014). For the improvement measures, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination and routine child ear and hearing check can help to improve these ear diseases (AIHW,

Otitis Externa is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acute otitis media can be caused by bacterial or viral pathogens. Some of the pathogens associated with acute otitis media (AOM) include, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The common cold or rhinosinusitis is likely caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, 2013). Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a result of the S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis and/or B-hemolytic streptococci bacterias. Sore throats or acute pharyngitis is 90 percent of the time caused by a viruse. Bacterial sore throats are often a result of the group A streptococci bacteria. According to Burns et al., 2013, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, groups C and G streptococci, and Arcanobacterium hemolyticum can cause acute pharyngitis. Pathogens that typically cause infections of the tonsils include B-hemolytic streptococci, group D streptococcus, and S. pneumonia (Burns, et al., 2013). The pathogens involved in acute cervical adenitis include B-hemolytic strep, staphylococcus, B. heneslae, viruses, and atypical

“It’s very common among young children because the Eustachian tubes in their ears haven’t come into their proper position yet,” says Dr. Joseph Scianna of Northern Illinois ENT Specialists in Sycamore. He’s the specialist Corbin’s pediatrician

The TM through the rest of the hearing pathway, sounds become electrical impulses analyzed by the brain, hence, the sense of hearing (Jarvis, 2012). The assessment and evaluation of the tympanic membrane is vital in a complete otological screening. The otoscope allows inspection of the ear canal and TM to detect excessive cerumen buildup, inflammation, or perforation of the TM. Hearing loss is done through the use of tuning fork performing Rinne and Weber tests and the audioscope which produces a more accurate and conclusive hearing loss test result (Jarvis, 2012). There are four essential components of the TM to evaluate. The color, appearance of the light reflex or "cone of light", the bony landmarks, and mobility of the TM, most important in children can help determine the existence of a problem. TM inspection of foreign body in the ear, trauma, excessive probing, dermatitis, otitic barotraumas, parotitis, tonsillitis, adenoid problems, sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis externa, and otitis media can lead to abnormal findings (Bradley, 2007). Inflamed TM indicated by distinct erythema and otalgia or ear pain interfering with sleep or normal activity, otorrhea, and detection of air and fluid level behind it, if left untreated can lead to rupture (Bradley,

*Ear Infections - Fluid trapped in a child’s ears can cause them pain and lead to a fever. This causes great discomfort to the child and parents can feel helpless in not knowing what to do.

I have chosen this topic due to the controversies of using antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance.