Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activities Of Leaves

In personal health, there is a big lifetime decision to be made. Presented with two basic options, pharmaceutical medicines and herbal medicines, the choice must be made when the situation of illness arrives, which form of medication will be taken? First, the differences between the two types of medicines must be studies and understood by the user. According to the U.S Food and Drug Administration, a drug is defined as, “A substance (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body” (Center…). With this in mind, both herbs and scientifically produced medications are to be considered ‘drugs’.

Licorice root is used worldwide as a natural sweetener, as well as a flavoring agent. The main composition of plant Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids act as inhibition platelet aggregation, and anticancer, antioxidant (20). Aly et al.,2005(21) indicate that liqurice have potent anti-inflammatory reduction edema about 78.3 while diclofen about 73.9% also have anti-ulcerogenic activity associated with a reduced acid output and an increased mucin secretion, an increase in prostaglandin E2 release and a decrease in leukotrienes (22). Many volatile oil and vitamins such as B1,B2,B3,B6,C,E, Biotin, Foli acid, Pantothenic acid act as expectorant, laxative, liquiritin act as antitussive (23). Also contain Coumarins Herniarin and umbelliferone (24).moreover plant used for treatment of asthma , chronic fatigue, hormonal disturbance , antiviral, antibacterial , hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant , antiulcer, ant mutagenic, Hypothermic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, relieve pain , expectorant, hypoglycemia,

Also, with increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in rural population throughout the world and due to adverse side effects of synthetic medicine, there is a real need for development of indigenous, inexpensive botanical sources for anti-diabetic crude or purified drugs for treatment of disease [5].The toxic level of the drug is assessed for fixing efficient drug dosage which is nontoxic without any mortality. The effective drug dosage (LD50) is considered for further Biochemical parameter studies using Wistar rats [Ref - HINDAWI].

vulgare shown to have significant antibacterial activity in vitro as compared to some standard antibiotics[53]. Butanol and aqueous fractions of F. vulgare fruit showed intermediate free radical scavenging activity in vitro[54]. A group of rat pretreated with aqueous extract of F. vul-gare shown to have suppressed ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Also, this extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant activity[70]. Administration of methanolic extract of F. vulgare fruit orally to mice has been shown to suppress Type 4 allergic reactions as well as acute and subacute inflammatory responses and also shown moderate centeral analgesic effect. In addition, it significantly enhance plasma antioxidant status while suppressing lipid peroxidation chain

The antioxidant and tumor inhibiting property of Brahmi were studied in 3- methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma rats (Rohini et al., 2004). The levels of the antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione, the rate of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined in the liver and kidney tissues. Sarcoma induction in rats resulted in a marked increase in the rate of LPO and a decrease in the antioxidant enzyme status. Furthermore, tumor markers such as lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, and sialic acid showed an upregulated expression in the serum. Brahmi supplementation enhanced the antioxidant enzyme status, reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation and downregulated tumor development markers. Among the five crude samples such as the whole plant of Bacopa monniera (L.)Wettst and four different fractions (petroleum ether, CHCl3, EtOAc, and n-BuOH fractions) of the methanol extract, n-BuOH fraction was noted to have the highest antitumor activity as per bioassay-guided methods conducted by Peng et al. The dammarane triterpene saponins isolated from n-BuOH fraction, bacopaside É (1) and bacopaside VII (3), had

They have been reported to possess antioxidant,1-4 antimalarial,5 antileishmanial,6 antiinflammatory,7 antitumor8 and antibacterial activity9. The presence of a reactive

The plant kingdom is abundant in species that act as anti-inflammatories to animal tissue. If the premise is accepted that through an ecological integration most of the biological needs of humanity and the other animals are met by our evolutionary environment, the wealth of anti-inflammatory herbs comes as no surprise. Whilst they are rarely as immediately powerful as the steroid drugs, they are very rarely as dangerous and potentially life threatening.

25 plant species were used in traditional medicine to treat skin disease and to treat antimicrobial (viral, bacterial or protozoan) infections. This experiment was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of traditional Ghanaian medicines with special interest in anti-methicillin-resistant/react-text Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity. Chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of these plants were arranged and agar-well diffusion tests, MIC's and MBC's were used to examine antimicrobial action. The extracts of 13 plant species showed the growth of one or more of the resulting bacteria, MRSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. Extracts from 11 of these 13 plant species also inhibited the growth of three or more of 14 additional clinical isolates of MRSA. Aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia were active against all 21 bacterial strains tested and showed the highest levels of antibacterial activity overall with MIC's against MRSA in the range of 1.6–3.1 mg ml and MBC's in the range of 6.3–12.5. The presence of antibacterial activity in extracts of Elaeophorbia drupifera, Rauwolfia vomitoria and the leaves of Solanum verbascifolium, plants traditionally used to treat skin infections, are reported for the first time. Extracts from Alchornea cordifolia, also used to treat wounds, had the widest spectrum of antibacterial

As a biological model for the preliminary selection of components from a natural source, brine shrimp is lethality test. Clove essential oil obtained by hydro distillation and essential oil of Eucalyptus were purchased. Acquire from aerial parts, extracts and essential oil of D. furfurada did not show activity, but the essential oil from underground was functioning. (Brandao, et.al, 2013)

O. sanctum leaves were obtained from Ramkrishna Mission, India and voucher specimens were deposited in the National Herbarium, Bangladesh after botanical authentication. Leaves were dried at room temperature and pulverized prior to extraction of powdered samples (2 kg) with ethanol (80%, 10 l) for approximately 4 days at room temperature. The extraction solvent was changed daily and the combined extract was filtered, evaporated to dryness using a rotary evaporator and freeze dried

Ascorbic acid concentrations were determined by iodometric titrations of mango juice after being exposed to increased heat for different durations of time, 3 minutes and 5 minutes, to determine if the duration of heating of a juice sample increases the rate of decomposition of Ascorbic acid. Results showed that ascorbic acid concentrations after being exposed to increased heat for 5 minutes were lowest. This demonstrates that an increased exposure to heat increases the rate of ascorbic acid degradation.

Herbal medicines are great alternative for commercially manufactured medicines available in the market. The major reason why herbal medicine differ from modern medicine is because they are produced with 100% natural content. Therefore the plant extract has all the medicinal values that are as effective as modern medicine. Commercially prepared drugs show results quickly but have numerous side effects. However herbal medicines don’t show any side

Along ago, Plants were used as a source of vegetables and fruits only ,but with time it’s leaves, flowers, seed, stems ,bark roots, rhizomes were found to have extracts that can be used for treatments as medicines known as “herbal medicine” or “herbalism”.

Most people do not know that there are a lot of medical discoveries in the rain forest. Tropical rain forest help to balance the ecosystem and our human existence. For centuries, rain forest have supported medicines due to its rich medical plant life. This also saves many people’s lives.

Over the centuries natural medications have become the origin of all medications like our well known ethical drugs and botanical and herbal medications. Throughout this paper among many supplements botanical/herbal medications carry along varies treatments alongside issues. Botanical/herbal medications most of which can be found from plants and other essentials as well. These forms of medications have become a global epidemic furthermore, despite their organic materials a few in the United States carry a regulation. In all, research has shown its historical cause and effect that may cease a few safety issues yet, a