Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

The overconsumption of antibiotics is a big contribution to drug resistance and is why users should know what happens with the repeated use of these drugs. Even though some bacterial mutation occurs naturally, human use of antibacterial is the cause of higher-levels of resistance (Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics 2014). Bacteria mutate either by genetic mutation or by receiving the defensive agent. During an infection bacteria multiply naturally within the body and when exposed to antibiotics, bacteria have an opportunity to adapt to the drug (Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics 2014). During this period of

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), describes antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria or other microbes to resist the effects of antibiotic treatment. () So instead of being destroyed by the medications, the bacteria survives and continues to reproduce, resultant in new communicable diseases that even more difficult to treat.

Since penicillin and other antibiotics are ubiquitous in the market for people and companies to purchase, the chances of misusing them increase as a result. The two major factors that contribute to antibiotic resistance are through agricultural and medical use, respectively. Therefore, we should consider different arguments and identify the main cause of the problem before implementing any actions to resolve this challenging issue. In this inquiry and exploration paper, I am trying to explore who is responsible for this health crisis and what can be done to alleviate the impacts this issue has on our

The use of the healthcare system as a whole is largely determined by the cost incurred by the patient, as well as insurance companies within the healthcare system. As for combating the growth of antibiotic resistance, it might be beneficial to increase the cost of antibiotics so that they are used only when clinically appropriate. This, however, would lead to a decrease in access to patients who might actually need these forms of treatment and who are unable to afford them. Additionally, increasing the cost of treatment options may cause there to be a delay or abandonment of therapy. While neither of these options may be ideal to patients, and even the healthcare system as a whole, the consideration of their use may aid in lowering the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.

Flues, colds, and diseases flow in and out through all seasons of the year. The illnesses caused many patients to go to the doctors and to get help. In return, the patients will likely get antibiotics prescribed by the doctors. Antibiotics are drugs or a type of medicine that will prevent or inhibit bacteria which is causing the infection. Many people think that antibiotics can completely cure their infection by taking them, but many people do not realize the importance of antibiotic resistance and the evolution of bacteria.

Since their introduction, antibiotics have been a major component in the medical field. Scientists are continuing to make advancements in the industry and import the drugs. As the drugs improve, so does the want and need to have them. The advancements have made amazing headway in the fight against different illnesses and have become very important to medicine. Because the positive response of antibiotics and continued growth, people all over the world are searching for this “miracle drug” to treat their illnesses as soon as they come about. In many cases the antibiotics are a great route in the treatment of the illness, but in many other cases the antibiotics are unneeded and causing more harm than good. The poses the question, “Should antibiotic

A huge advancement was made in the world of medicine when antibiotics were first invented. Suddenly, deadly diseases such as Staphylococcus could be cured. (Tan, 2014) Before antibiotic discovery in 1928, and their prescription in the late 1930’s, Streptococcus pyogenes caused 50% of post-birth deaths, and was a major cause of death in burn victims. Staphylococcus aureus killed 80% of people with infected wounds, and tuberculosis and pneumonia ran rampant within the population. Through the use of antibiotics, these diseases could be easily treated. Between 1944 and 1972, human life expectancy leaped by eight years, primarily accredited to antibiotics; and the number of people dying due to bacterial infection dramatically fell. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1999) Therefore, antibiotics are beneficial as they are able to save lives, and treat various types of bacterial diseases. In addition they are easily administered - they may simply be taken orally, or injected. They are also cost-effective, and have few side effects. Moreover, the cost of antibiotic regulation, public ignorance of the threat, and adherence to routine are major factors preventing regulation laws to be put in place. (Krans,

Conclusion: Our study found that a lay person does not appear to have a sufficiently strong incentive to consider the impact of their immediate use of antibiotics on antimicrobial resistance. The issue of antibiotic resistance needs to be reframed as a more immediate health issue with dire consequences to ensure the success of future health

There are many injurious and deadly bacteria that can widely spread and affect the body. One of the most common bacteria that are now known to have developed resistance to antibiotics is Staphylococcus aureus. The Staphylococcus aureus bacterium was discovered during the 1800’s. S. aureus is a common cause of skin infections, food poisoning and respiratory disease. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant forms of pathogenic S. aureus is a universal problem in clinical medicine. This bacterium caused painful skin conditions. Penicillin as mentioned has been an early cure for these bacterial infections, this has

Who is responsible for the massive number of people loosing the fight with antibiotic resistance every day? Who will come up with the change we are all expecting to see? Well, unfortunately it is too late to prevent the occurrence of something as unfortunate and undesirable as the situation we are put it. By the end you finish reading this sentence the number of deaths caused by the antimicrobial bacteria would have already increased by tens, if not hundreds. Pharmaceutical companies seem to be our only way out of this vicious circle. Unless new substances are discovered, which can both cure diseases and fight the antimicrobial bacteria back, medicine will start to face serious impediments. There will be an huge increase in the costs health care systems have to pay for treatments and tests. On top of that, primary health care will need to hire more health care providers including carers, nurses and doctors. Beside the costs of hiring extra staff, high amounts of money will need to be allocated for trainings and development. The sad thing is that even with extra staff the patients will have less chances of getting better and survavil rates will decrease. Some, actually most, of the health care systems will struggle to provide the increased amounts of money, in which case, the available sum of money will have to be divided to manage to meet all the

The development of antibiotic resistant strains are on the rise especially in developing countries and are creating a crisis in the effective treatment of infections.1,5

Take for example MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a S. aureus strain that was discovered in 1961 to be resistant to the antibiotic methicillin. Webmd indicates that MRSA has now grown its resistance from methicillin to “amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin and many other common antibiotics” (MRSA). This increase in resistance of a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus can be attributed to the increasing use and overuse of antibiotics, not only in the doctor’s office but also in agriculture. MRSA is only one of many antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. New resistant strains are evolving rapidly. According to Dr. Ed Warren, “there are high levels of antibiotic resistance in bacteria causing common infections (e.g. urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections) in all regions of the world” (21).

The growing issue of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is growing more rapidly than anticipated. Numerous factors contribute to this growing issue and it creates a major concern for society today. The main factor in this growing issue is the continuous misuse and overuse of antibiotics. For example, people use them by prescribing antibiotics to themselves, even if they have acquired a viral infection. Furthermore, livestock is pumped full of antibiotics to promote growth and prevent infections. Moreover, bacteria have become smarter and evolved so that they are able to transmit the resistance to other bacteria. This is an

Antibiotic resistance is found all over the world and has become a very serious problem in the treatment of disease. The 1995 US Office of Technology Assessment report attributed a cost of $1.3 billion (1992 dollars) per year for antibiotic-resistant infections due to six species of bacteria in US hospitals. While the real

The principle of antibiotic resistance revolve around how antibiotics work. Antibiotics target certain structures on bacteria such as their cell wall, proteins, and nucleic acids that results in the disruption and/or inhibition of their growth. These disturbances can sometimes lead to bacterial death. In order to survive, bacteria have developed countermeasures to fight against the harmful drugs. This was carried out by targeting the antibiotics themselves. The way antibiotics function is based on their chemical structure. Because many antibiotics have similar structures, they are also grouped in that way. Each class (or family) have similarities in their structure and in turn, have similarities in their target of action. Consequently, these similarities make it easy for the bacteria to construct resistance to different and multiple classes of antibiotics. Mechanisms that will be discussed all involve bacteria’s ability to prevent antibiotics from reaching its target by means of target alteration, drug detoxification, impermeability and efflux.