Antimicrobial Infection Paper

Modern-day advances have allowed scientists to develop methods to control pathogens. The more common methods include the use of antiseptics, antibiotics, and vaccines. By definition, antiseptics are chemicals used to kill pathogens. A few widespread antiseptics include soap, vinegar, and rubbing alcohol. Antiseptics are primarily used for the external destruction of pathogens, while antibiotics and vaccines target internal pathogens. Nevertheless, there are and can be difficulties concerning the use of antibiotics. “As antibiotic use has become more common, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have evolved.” This resistance due to evolution is called antibiotic resistance. It results in the antibiotics having no effect whatsoever on the bacteria, rendering the antibiotics useless. When antibiotic resistance occurs, scientists must resume their search to create a new medicine to can kill the mutant bacteria.

Antibiotics:- antibiotics are medication which destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria, they are used to treat infections which are caused by bacteria. Most of the time the body’s immune system can fight off bacteria but in cases in which the body cannot antibiotics are used to destroy them. Antibiotics are either given orally, applied to the skin in ointment form or injected, this all depends on the type of infection the body is currently trying to fight off, for example skin infections are treated with ointment, oral antibiotics are used to fight of moderate infections and injective antibiotics are most commonly used in

Although some agar plates were hard to see if the streptomycin had a definitive zone of inhibition. Ampicillin, erythro-mycin, penicillin, sulphafurazole was ineffective with no inhibition zone.

Antiseptics are chemical agents that slow or stop the growth of micro-organisms (germs) on external surfaces of the body, that is why they are suitable to use on the skin as they are designed for that pacific reason to stop bacterial growth or any other microorganisms from spreading or causing infection on the skin and external surfaces on the body. Antiseptics should be distinguished from antibiotics that destroy micro-organisms inside the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy micro-organisms found on inanimate (non-living) objects. Antibiotics and disinfectant are designed for other reasons as you can see and contain some different chemical agents that maybe harsh on the human skin so that is why disinfectants and antibiotics may not be suitable on the skin. (http://dermnetnz.org/treatments/antiseptics.html)

All anti-infection agents utilized as a part of human treatment since the beginning of the anti-infection agents time in the mid 1900s can be partitioned into three unmistakable classifications as indicated by how they were eventually produced on substantial scale. These arrangements take after. Natural products: mixes made specifically by huge scale aging of microscopic organisms or parasites. Semi-synthetic antibacterial: compounds manufactured by chemical synthesis using as starting material a natural product. Fully synthetic antibacterial: exacerbates that are fabricated by completely manufactured courses (Wright, Seiple, and Myers, 2014).

Although a vaccine does exist, its cost and multiple doses needed to achieve immunity have limited its acceptability by the medical community [20, 21]. Antimicrobial therapy has been at the forefront of research in trying to identify if prophylactic treatment is necessary, what drug is most successful, and what dosing is most appropriate.

It also helps with the prevention of PCP in HIV-positive patients, but should be used cautiously due to the incidence of adverse reactions. This drug is also active against many strains of gram-positive pathogens including: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Nocardia, Enterococcus. It also has activity against many gram-negative pathogens, such as: Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant

Analgesics To relieve pain such as a he ad a che Antibiotics Amoxicillin Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections such as UTI's Most commonly, sickness and diarrhoea occur when taking this medication. Fungal infections such as thrush as also a potential side effect. Very rarely there are more serious side effects such as blood disorders and deafness.

This drug has many negative qualities, but also has several good qualities. The indications for this drug is to relieve swelling and pain associated with different arthritis’ acute pain, and menstrual cramps. “The contraindications of this drug includes patients who have known hypersensitivity to celecoxib, aspirin, or other NSAIDs, demonstrated allergic-type reactions to sulfonamides, experienced asthma, urticaria, or allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAID, treatment of perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, and patients with active gastrointestinal bleeding” (Waknine para. 2 ). The FDA has put out several warning about this product, which include an increased risk of myocardial infarction and a stroke. The continued use of this product also causes problems involving the kidneys, liver, and stomach. The increased uses of NSAIDs are said to break down the lining of certain internal organs. The drug even appeared on the advisory list to be taken off the market because of the serious effects that can result from this. “During the Pre-marketing Controlled Arthritis Trials, the adverse reactions that were seen in the body were Constipation, diverticulitis, dysphagia, eructation, esophagitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastroesophageal reflux, hemorrhoids, hiatal hernia, melena, dry mouth, stomatitis, tenesmus, vomiting, Aggravated hypertension, angina pectoris, coronary artery disorder, myocardial infarction, Allergy aggravated, allergic reaction, chest pain, cyst NOS, edema generalized, face edema, fatigue, fever, hot flushes, influenza-like symptoms, pain, peripheral pain, Leg cramps, hypertonia, hypoesthesia, migraine, paresthesia, vertigo, Deafness, tinnitus, Palpitation, tachycardia, Hepatic function abnormal, SGOT increased, SGPT increased, BUN increased, CPK increased, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia,

Disease and plague had once completely and disastrously overwhelmed humanity for countless years. During the era when medicine was not as advanced and sickness and disease had run rampant, people had resorted to dangerous, unethical and unsanitary methods of healing. Desperate to alleviate the pain, doctors and healers of the time did what they could to make the pain and discomfort of the ill disappear. Though the intentions of many doctors was to heal the sickly, they did not realize there was a more scientific approach of solving many of their problems. On a microscopic level, there are bacteria and microbes that are attacking the body, causing diseases to ensue. In order to deal with the issue at hand, scientists had to figure out what could be used to fight these particular pathogens and not just what, but how much of these antimicrobials should be used. To better understand this idea of knowing the proper dosage needed for an antibiotic, we exercised this concept of minimal inhibitory concentration. The minimal inhibitory concentration is the lowest amount of the antimicrobial concentration needed to prevent the noticeable growth of the microorganism after incubating the sample overnight. Each group was given a specific antibiotic of

Fosfomycin trimethamine is a phosphoric acid agent used to treat UTIs caused by enteric bacteria. It works by inhibiting an enzyme needed for cell wall synthesis. Synercid used to treat Staphylococcus and Enterococcus infections. These infections often include endocarditis and surgical infections and they work by binding to the ribosomes. Daptomycin is a lipopeptide works against gram positive bacteria disrupting membrane functions. It is not used very often.

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, facultatively aerobic sporeformer whose cells are large rods and whose spores do not swell the sporangium. These and other characteristics, including biochemical features, are used to differentiate and confirm the presence B. cereus, although these characteristics are shared with B. cereus var. mycoides, B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis. Differentiation of these organisms depends upon determination of motility (most B. cereus are motile), presence of toxin crystals (B. thuringiensis), hemolytic activity (B. cereus and others are beta hemolytic whereas B. anthracis is usually nonhemolytic), and rhizoid growth which is characteristic of B. cereus var. mycoides.

Vincristine fits into a collection of drugs known as antineoplastic or cytotoxic mediators. They may also be known as chemotherapy drugs. Common adverse reactions of vincristine sulfate injection include nausea, vomiting, weight loss, diarrhoea, bloating, stomach/abdominal pain or cramps, mouth sores, dizziness, headache, hair loss, constipation, loss of appetite, changes in sense of taste, and numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. Vincristine Sulfate Injection can provisionally lower the quantity of white blood cells in your blood, increasing the chances of infection. There will also be an impact on the number of platelets which may decrease, causing complications in the blood clotting. However, there are precautions you can adhere

Examples of antibiotics that are commonly used in infection treatment include: gentamycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and carbenicillin

In case of clearly established bacterial infection to otorhinolaryngological evaluation or in the event of persistence of fever with painful symptomatology after the first 72 hours the antibiotic is necessary. Generally they use broad-spectrum antibiotics properly administered daily dose and duration. In the event of repeated infections, and in close suspicion of insufficient efficacy, sensitivity testing provides information useful sull'antibiotico to which the beat is sensitive or sull'antibiotico more effective for therapeutic treatment.