Antimicrobial Resistance

It is thought that overuse of antibiotics is related to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (Austin). As a consequence, there has been an increasing trend to promote appropriate prescribing of antibiotics so as to maximise their therapeutic efficacy and minimise the outbreak of resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs in hospitals are exemplary of a method used to promote rational prescription of antibiotics. In this review, we will briefly introduce some examples of AMR to illustrate the extent of this issue. We will then move on to describe AMS programs and the strategies required to

The most frequently reason for prescription of antibiotics was abscesses, 170/464 (37%). The most widely used NSAIDs were Par¬acetamol (Acetaminophen), resulting in 270/464 responses (58.2%). The most commonly prescribed antibioticswas Amoxicillin (n = 344, 74.1%). Only 4.4(8.8%) of the participants followed the WHO guide for good prescription. Female students showed significantly more errors than their male counterparts regarding the dose and drug’s brand name; p=0.002,p= 0.030, respectively. There was a significant reduction in prescription errors with the increase of the students’ educational level (p=0.001), and students from public universities showed more errors in knowing brand names and duration of treatment comparing to those from private universities

A couple times a year local and national mass media put the spotlight on problems connected to antibiotic overuse. Some people consider those problems to be real and serious, and others think that the discussed topics are nothing more than new “fashionable” subjects to talk about, distracting people from “real” problems, such as climbing gas prices or war expenses. Meanwhile, antibiotic overuse continues as a common practice among US doctors and agribusinesses for the last 20 years. The practice of antibiotic overuse has put patient’s health at risk, contributed to antibiotic resistance and increased bacterial mutation to a new, stronger level; as well as it hitting the economy with new costly expenses in health care. It is time to stop

Throughout my life, adults have insisted the use of antibiotics to fight against the most inconsequential illnesses, whether it’s the cold or the flu. However, neither illness is due to invasion of bacteria. This misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance(AMR), currently one of the central issues facing the public health system. While the process for antibiotic resistance occurs naturally through the process of adaptation, the mismanagement of antibiotic resources has accelerated the rate at which the bacteria adapt. The occurrence of this misinformation isn’t limited to a few adults: even some of my peers suggest taking antibiotics when faced with the flu. This leads to asking whether AMR is truly a problem and are present regulations enough to combat the issue.

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

Since the introduction of penicillin to the public in 1942, antibiotics have gained widespread use throughout the world. The drug has allowed society to make advancements in medicine, increase an individual’s personal well-being, extend life expectancies, and stop and prevent infections. Antibiotics are one of the largest backbones to maintaining personal health in society today, yet there may be a day when we are no longer able to depend on antibiotics to fight infections. In the essay “Imagining the post antibiotic future”, Maryn McKenna establishes the importance of antibiotics to juxtapose how devastating life would be without them.

The word “antibiotic” in the livestock industry endures an extremely toasty topic. This word appears on Facebook posts, Twitter feeds, and in television news. Antibiotics receive an unfair assessment, when in reality, the word is just one large miscommunication between agriculturists like myself, and the public consumers. October 20th, 2015 was a

The authors of the study are confident that their quality improvement approach can be successfully replicated in other family practice clinics. The methods used by the project could be easily implemented, the materials from the CDC’s Get Smart about Antibiotics are inexpensive and readily available. The article does suggest that their study may have a serious flaw, called the Hawthorne Effect. The Hawthorne Effect or an observer effect acknowledges that both physicians and patients were fully aware they were participating in a quality improvement project. The project would have been more efficient if the participants were unaware they were being evaluated. When individuals believe they are not being observed the results tend to be more trustworthy. Ultimately, the project proved its hypothesis and educated individuals about the risks of overusing antibiotics. Eventually, patients and physicians will learn to be cautious, and let viral infections run their natural

People often expect a rigorous antibiotic treatment with some of the smallest ailments that will often pass through with the help of the human body’s immune system. However, a study conducted in Sweden was able to investigate the public’s willingness to work with doctors to mitigate antibiotic resistance. The results from the study have proved to be quite optimistic in a population size of 1,025 participants. Numerous of these people who trusted their doctor and were adequately educated on antibiotic resistance had been willing to put off a prescription of antibiotics in a range of 1-5 days in order to create less of a need for them. When the public understands what weight antibiotics carry when they are used and when their is an established trust between them and medical professionals, less antibiotics will be consumed as demonstrated by this study (Björn 249-255). If these circumstances can be repeated in a global manner, immense strides in preventing impotence of antibiotics will be made. When people are actually prescribed antibiotics, they must follow every instruction given to them by their physician. This includes completing the entire course of the drug they are administered, taking the drug at punctual intervals daily, and not sharing or saving any leftover

The development and advancement of antibiotic resistance is dependent on a number of factors, and cannot be resolved with one single solution. Research suggests the best strategy to manage the misuse of antibiotics leading to antibiotic resistance, is mandating all hospitals to implement an antimicrobial stewardship program. This solution meets all of the required criteria and is a sensible approach in resolving the growing rate of resistant. Making antimicrobial stewardships a part of the patient safety effort will help bring new support and spark the conversation that must take place in order to make advancement in resolving antibiotic resistance. Multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate the before and after introduction of ASPs and

How would you encourage parents with children to approach a health professional about over prescribing antibiotics that could potential lead to resistance? How would you educate parents to recognize warning flags with over prescribing habits? You state that health education programs need to have the ability to enable and empower parents, how could empower lead to further complications associated with antibiotics? In your opinion what is a approach that could be taken to encourage health professional to reduce prescribing habits while still empowering parents to have guidance and ownership over their families health status?

3. Ho : There is no significant relationship between outpatients’ knowledge on antibiotics and their attitudes towards practices on antibiotic

In layman terms, our approach to killing bacteria is proving to be a terribly planned strategy. Some of this convincing data has already been used as evidence by law-makers to change laws. The Food & Drug Administration banned the use of antibiotics in animals in America, to prevent the selection of resistance from recurring. The European Union has changed the European wide law about how biocides are registered, and now it’s a requirement for any new biocide to be registered, as well as be proven safe to use in fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria. With the implementation of these new laws we move in the right direction. Based on the data of 114 countries, the consequences of antibiotic resistant bacteria aren’t just a prediction, but a

The overuse of antibiotics has been a problem for well over a decade. This misuse leads to many nonvisible problems arising within the human population. As the use of antibiotics increases, the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria also increases. When bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic, another antibiotic must be used to try and kill it and the cycle becomes vicious. Michael Martin, Sapna Thottathil, and Thomas Newman stated that antimicrobial resistance is, “an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society” (2409).

According the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance is one of the world’s greatest health threats to date (Haddox, 2013). In the article, The Health Threat of Antibiotic Resistance, Gail Haddox (2013) discusses the danger antibiotic resistance poses in today’s society and strategies to prevent the expansion of antibiotic resistance. In Europe alone, an estimated 25,000 deaths have been attributed to multi-resistant infections (Haddox, 2013). Common infections are now harder to treat due to the increased resistance to antibiotics across the world, in fact some are becoming untreatable. Antibiotics should be treated like oil, a non-renewable resource (Haddox, 2013).