Antimicrobial Resistance

My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its

Morganella morganii is a gram-negative bacillus with no special arrangement. It is the third member of the tribe Proteeae. This bacterium was first discovered in the year 1906 by a British bacteriologist by the name of He. De R. Morgan. In the late year of 1939, the bacterium was named Proteus morganii, and again changed some years later due to findings that this bacterium did not obtain the ability to ferment all carbohydrates like the genus Proteus was capable of doing. Instead, researchers found the bacterium to have the capabilities of ferment only glucose and therefore its name had been changed one final time to Morganella (its own genus) morganii. While testing M. morganii, findings show that it has its own special characteristics that differ from the usual Proteea. M. morganii does not swarm on a nutrient agar plate like the typical Proteus would. It also does not produce the black precipitate found in Hydrogen Sulfide gas tests. M. morganii produces phenylalanine deaminase, which is the enzyme that wipes out the amino group, resulting in a phenyl pyruvic acid. It is a facultative anaerobe meaning that it is capable of producing energy in the form of ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present in its environment. If oxygen is not present in the environment, the bacteria is fully capable of producing energy in anaerobic environments as well. Morganella morganii can be found in the soil, water, and feces. The bacteria is a common resident to the

pneumoniae) leaving me with Sa, Se, Ef, P.pyo, and Ml. Following my dichotomous key, the next test I decided to perform was a catalase test in order to determine if the enzyme catalase is produced by the bacteria. The sample of the bacteria I took did bubble, this indicates that the bacteria does produce the catalase enzyme as well as requiring oxygen to respire. Based on the results of the catalase test there were three possible microbes I could have Ml, Sa, and Se. For my next test I decided to use an MSA plate to determine if my unknown microbe could or could not grow in the presence of the mannitol salt, along with testing to see if it would or would not be able to ferment the mannitol salt. After allowing the bacteria to grow, I noted that the plate remained the same pinkish color it originally was however, I did several white colonies growing on the plate. The pink color that remained shows that the organism is unable to ferment the mannitol salt thus the acidic byproduct that turns the medium yellow will not be produced. Therefore the organism cannot be Sa since that

An unknown microorganism from three potential microbes—Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis—was determined by performing eight biochemical tests. Biochemical tests that were used to differentiate these possible microorganisms from each other were gram staining, motility with a semi-solid agar tube, oxygen requirements, catalase test, phenylalanine deaminase test, eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and mannitol salt agar (MSA). The unknown microorganism was further clarified through a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) database. Based on all the observations of the tests, the unknown bacterium was identified as B. megaterium.

After the multitude of tests performed, it was determined that the bacterial unknown was Staphylococcus aureus. The gram stain slide was positive. The morphology and arrangement was grape like cocci clusters. On the glucose fermentation test the bacterial unknown tested positive for acid and negative for gas. The oxidase test was negative. The bacterial unknown tested positive for catalase. In the litmus milk medium a K or alkaline reaction was observed. It tested negative for urea hydrolysis. The bacterial unknown tested positive for nitrite. On the Kigler 's iron agar media it tested negative for gas, positive for glucose, positive for lactose, and negative for hydrogen sulfide. On the SIM medium media it tested negative for indole, negative for hydrogen sulfide, and negative for motility. The bacterial unknown tested negative for methyl red. It tested negative for Voges-Proskauer. It tested negative for citrate. It tested

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine a Gram-negative unknown using multiple differential biochemical tests. Differential media have indicators in them to determine if certain processes and reactions are occurring within the cell. Each of these processes’ results is unique to a different species of bacteria. A streak plate was used to make isolated pure colonies that can be used in all of the tests performed.

Among the 213 ESBL positive isolates, 66 also tested positive for AmpC β-lactamase. Of those, 16 (24.2%) isolates were proved to be ESBL only by FEP/CLA combined disc test. Thus 16 isolates would have been missed by using only CLSI recommended method (Table

it also belongs to the normal intestinal flora of humans Many bacteria from this genus, including Klebsiella pneumonia are capable of nitrogen fixation. This bacteria is an extremely virulent bacteria in part due to its polysaccharide capsule which makes it more difficult for phagocytosis to occur and also allows the bacteria to easily adhere to and colonize the respiratory and urinary tracts. This virulent bacteria has been given the title of superbug which refers to its resistance to many antibiotics. Its resistance to antibiotics is related to the presence of carbapenemase, an enzyme, in the organism which makes it resistance to carbapenamase. It is only pathogenic when the immune system is compromised due to a chronic illness or debilitation and therefore it is acquired mostly in healthcare settings, mainly long-term care facilities. When it is pathogenic, the bacteria is commonly the causative agent of bacterial pneumonia, a necrotizing lobar pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Since this bacteria is resistant to many antibiotics and is very virulent, a combination of antibiotics are used to treat it including levofloxacin, ampicillin, meropenem, terizidone and many others. The control of this bacteria is aimed at the prevention of transmission in hospitals with strategies that include contact isolation precautions, proper hand washing and textbook nursing

NDM-1 is a metallo-B-lactamase and has 1 or 2 zinc ions in the active site. It was isolated from a patient that visited India in 2008; the patient had contracted a urinary tract infection. From this discovery, it was found that NDM-1 was found in different species in the same patient and located on a plasmid. This plasmid was linked with gene conversing resistance to all B-lactams and other antibiotic classes, also affecting virulence and pathogenesis. There was an increase of nosocomial infections from bacteria that was associated with NDM-1 and has been liked to traveling to India, Pakistan, and the Balkans. These nosocomial infections are specific to surgeries, including transplantation and cosmetic surgeries. Healthcare professionals

In the recent years there is a great concern about the problem of antimicrobial resistance either in animal or in human medicine that is associated with failures in the treatment of infectious disease. The high use of antimicrobial agents in animal and in human is probably the main cause of this condition (Auther et al., 2006)

From the oxidase test, unknown 65 appeared to be of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The Microbiology Laboratory Manual, chart II, showed very close matches for unknown 65 with Escherichia coli, as did Bergey’s Manual. Escherichia had identical tests results as unknown 65, except for urease and phenylalanine tests (appendix A-16). Also, E. coli is resistant to tetracycline and unknown 65 was not on the antibiogram (4). Unknown also matched Morganella morganii in all performed tests, except for the arabinose and lactose fermentation tests. Bergey’s manual showed the same results. The urease test was positive, and since this test can distinguish urease-positive Proteus, Morganella, Klebsiela, and Providencia from other Enterobacteriaceae, such as E. coli, which is urease negative, unknown 65 is likely to be Morganella (2). The phenylalanine test is also used to distinguish between the phenylalanine deaminase-positive genera Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia from other Enterobacteriaceae, such as E. coli, which is phenylalanine deaminase-negative (2). Considering these results and the lactose tests, which were contradictory, unknown 65 is most likely in the family Enterobacteriaceae, the genus Morganella, and the species morganii

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium that can pose as a pathogen for plants and animals. This pathogen has been characterized and proven to produce a secreted lipase that could be used for a number of industrial applications. Lipases are chosen for industrial purposes largely due to their production of chemicals that can be used in pharmaceuticals, biofuels, or other products (Nakagawa, Hasegawa, Hiratake, & Sakata, 2007). Additionally, these enzymes display a lack of generality in terms of substrate binding. In other words, lipases can bind a variety of substrates, making them valuable for many applications. They also have been reported to function in both aqueous and

The origin of CTX-M type β-lactamases was very different from that of TEM or SHV-type β-lactamases (Bonnet, 2004).These enzymes show only 40% resemblance to two most common ESBLs, TEM and SHV. Each CTX-M cluster has been correlated to the chromosomal bla genes present in different Kluyvera species, that normally form human intestinal normal flora at low counts. It is also considered as an opportunistic pathogen occasionally associated with infections of urinary tract and skin in humans [Farmer et al, 1981; Sarriaetal, 2001]. It also exists in the environment as a free living organism in water, soil, sewage and animal food. Chromosomal bla gene, kluC, present in Kluyvera cryocrescens (kluC) has been considered the ancestor of the CTX-M-1cluster (Decousser et al., 2001). The enzymes of CTX-M-2 cluster are believed to origin from kluA gene of Kluyvera ascorbata (Humeniuk et al., 2002), CTX-M-8

2. Introduction: Each student was given unknown bacteria and was instructed to perform a variety of experimental tests that would help to identify their bacteria. During the process of identification, the unknown bacteria was added to many different testing medias using aseptic technique. They are as follows: lactose fermentation on eosin methylene blue (EMB), TSI (Triple Sugar Iron agar), Phenol red sucrose, the SIM test, H2S by SIM, IMViC (indole, motility, voges-proskauer, and citrate), Urease (urea broth), PDase (Phenylalanine Deaminase), Lysine Decarboxylase, and Ornithine Decarboxylase. Colonial morphology on EMB was used to

Introduction: Through the conduction of numerous experiments, the identity of two bacterial isolates was determined. The tested specimen was an unknown sample of a mixed culture of two different species of bacteria. The first step that was taken was obtaining a pure culture of each species of bacteria by isolating one species from the other. Once isolation was complete, the isolated cultures were tested using procedures that had been performed during previous lab sessions. A gram stain was performed on the two isolates. The isolate which had tested gram negative was then tested for the presence of cytochrome C and lactose fermentation. For the gram positive isolate, cell shape was determined and a catalase test was performed.