Aortic Regurgitation: A Progressive Heart Failure

Heart Failure is a progressive heart disease when the muscle of the heart is weakened so that it cannot pump blood as it should; the blood backs up into the blood vessels around the lungs and the other parts of the body (NHS Choice, 2015). In heart failure, the heart is not able to maintain a normal range cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body (Kemp and Conte, 2012). Heart failure is a major worldwide public health problem, it is the end stage of heart disease and it could lead to high mortality. At present, heart failure is usually associated with old age, given the dramatic increase in the population of older people (ACCF/AHA, 2013). In the USA, there are about 5.7 million adults who have heart failure, about half of the people die within 5 years of diagnosis, and it costs the nation an estimated $30.7 billion each year (ACCF/AHA, 2013).

It was established that the patient’s symptoms were due to an aortic regurgitation this was confirmed by echocardiogram. The use of the SOAPIER model is an effective means of providing rationale for a holistic clinical decision making. The findings and treatment options were discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting including Mr Jones and family. The family were informed that surgery was the safest treatment option. Complications that could happen with or without surgery were also explained ensuring that the patient had adequate understanding to make a valid choice about his treatment. Mr Jones agreed that a replacement of the aortic valve with a mechanical valve was necessary, thus it last for more than twenty years or more . Mr Jones

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Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure can range from mild to severe. They also can be associated with many other disease processes making congestive heart failure harder to diagnose. Even most doctors have to run numerous amounts of tests to confirm the diagnosis without 100% certainty. Patients may present with shortness of breath, rales (fluid in lungs), peripheral or pulmonary edema, dizziness, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, rapid and excess weight gain, jugular venous distention, reduced ejection fraction, severe hypertension or hypotension, and failed stress tests (Drug Store News, 1997). These symptoms are not specific enough for a clear diagnosis so additional testing is usually

Cardiac Echogram- This is to identify structural abnormalities in cardiac function, cardiac output, abnormal valves and MI (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar-Bailey, & Sandburg-Cook, 2017).

Sensing process is the initial stage of our process. Heart problems like Chronic Heart Failure Disease affected people have 70% of possibility to cause of critical heart failure i.e. Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF). The concept of outpatient monitoring for early detection and treatment of ADHF is not new. However, the question of which parameters to monitor and what specific detection strategies should be used to prevent hospitalization has not been adequately addressed. Symptoms such as orthopnea and physical examination signs such as pulmonary rales, peripheral edema, and elevated jugular venous pressure reflect increased ventricular filling pressures and vascular congestion and are often used for the diagnosis of ADHF. However,

An echocardiogram and numerous blood test may also be used to identify congestive heart failure.

Over the years there has been some controversy on defining congestive heart failure due to a vast variability of the clinical signs and symptoms (Coronel, 2001). The American Heart Association defines it as “a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood” (Veronique, 2013). In this case report will critically analyse the general information of the giving condition in relation to the patient’s case.

He said his daughter thought she had watched her father die right in front of her eyes. After receiving the ICD in 2015, he stated he had been fine until a recent routine check. It was noted on an echocardiogram the he has a 1-2+ mild to moderate mitral valve regurgitation and enlargement of the aorta. He states he has an appointment with the valve specialist this week to discuss treatment options. He admits to having noted recently, increased shortness of breath with exertion. He stated he can walk the length of the hall about 100 feet and becomes short of breath. He also has developed a slight productive cough.

The human body requires a supply and demand process within itself to enable nutrients and oxygen to provide homeostasis and metabolic demands throughout each organ system. The most prominent organ effecting this process is the heart, which by using the cardiovascular system supplies every other system throughout the body with the oxygen and nutrients by pumping them throughout the blood. When the demand is not met or the supply is too great it can be considered heart failure.

Tricuspid regurgitation is a disorder in which the heart’s tricuspid valve does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium when the right ventricle contracts. The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is enlargement of the right ventricle [1], caused by left-sided valvular lesions. Mitral valve disease is often accompanied by concomitant tricuspid valve disease. The most common indication for tricuspid valve intervention is tricuspid regurgitation (TR), and the presence of significant TR has been reported to be an important prognostic indicator of outcomes following mitral valve surgery [2]. Surgical treatment of tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) with left-sided valvular disease still remains a challenge for

There are several diseases that can be detected like atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. They have partnered with Insurance Companies, Hospitals, and Organizations.

Heart failure is a progressive clinical syndrome characterized by impairment of filling pressures or blood ejection, neurohormonal system activation and molecular derangements. Typical signs, symptoms and other investigative studies like echocardiography, cardiac MRI, exercise testing and biomarkers diagnose heart failure in children (Rossano & Shaddy 2014; Hsu & Pearson 2009b). Essential part of the evaluation includes exhausting effort to determine the etiology of the heart failure in order to identify prognosis and formulate management plan. Cardiovascular causes of heart failure in children are diverse and extensive. It can be divided into subgroups: congenital heart disease and structurally normal heart (Hsu & Pearson 2009a). Congenital heart disease includes volume overload (e.g. left to right shunts and atriventricular and semilunar valve regurgitation), pressure overload (e.g. left or right sided obstructive lesions) and complex cardiac malformations (e.g. single ventricle physiology and systemic right ventricle). Structurally normal heart includes primary cardiomyopathies (dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive) and secondary (e.g arrhythmogenic, ischemic and infiltrative) (table 1).

However, there are now other diagnostic tests available to further assist in the diagnosis of this condition; such as, a chest x-ray, an echocardiogram, an exercise ECG (stress test) and blood tests just to name a few. Once the results from these tests are processed the physician's next step will be to prescribe the patient medication. Such as, anticoagulants, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin. If these medications do not give the patient any aid or relief with their symptoms the next step will be to schedule a consultation for

Sanford, J., et al. (2011). A Process of Decision Making by Caregivers of Family Members With Heart Failure. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice: AN International Journal. 25 (1): 55-70.