Aortic Smooth Muscle Thesis

Cardiac muscle-The cardiac muscle is the heart, it is responsible for pumping blood around the body. It is made up of cardiac muscle and is the only location in the body where such muscle is found, Unlike other muscles, cardiac muscle is almost completely reliant on oxygen to function, Cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle that is present in the heart and helps to synchronize the beating of the organ.the cardaic muscle is very strong and it resiatnt fatigue, The cardiac muscle is found in the walls of the heart and is responsible for keeping the heart pumping.

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

1). Chest X-ray was normal. Initial laboratory studies were remarkable for white blood cells count of 12.1K, a creatine kinase MB fraction of < 3 mm was associated with significant reductions in restenosis and the rate of target vessel revascularization19. In SES-SMART trial patients were randomly assigned to receive a Sirolimus-eluting or bare-metal stent in small coronary artery. Sirolimus stent was associated with significant reductions in the rates of angiographic restenosis (primary outcome), target lesion revascularization and MI at 8 months20. The composite clinical endpoint ( death, non-fatal MI, ischemia- driven target lesion revascularization, and cerebrovascular accidents) was significantly lower with the sirolimus-eluting stent21. In the TAXUS V trial, in the subset of patients with small coronary arteries, the paclitaxel stent was associated with significant reductions in angiographic restenosis and target lesion revascularization at nine months compared to bare metal stents22. Although DES improves target lesion revascularization rates compared to bare-metal stents in small vessels, the absolute rates are still higher in small vessels than large

Heart disease is a complication associated with diabetes. When it comes to procedures such as bypass, surgery, angioplasty and stents, it is usually presumed that the least invasion option is the best. Discover the truth behind this presumption and why it might not always be the case for those with diabetes.

LT. BT shunt angiogram after balloon angioplasty showed significant improving in the diameter and flow of the ballooned areas. However, a flap was seen in the homograft lumen (attached to the inferior luminal aspect of the graft) with no evidence of

One of the main complications of diabetes mellitus is coronary artery disease [58]. There are irregularities in supply of a coronary artery stream without any epicardial coronary artery diseases [59-61]. Patients with diabetes mellitus are more prone to get coronary artery diseases, especially the multi-vessel form [2,

Aortic valve stenosis is a disease that is based on a defect in the heart. It allows backflow in blood and can lead to death. Aortic valve stenosis has at least four types bicuspid, tricuspid, pulmonary and mitral stenosis. They all have the same effect on the aortic valve and almost the same symptoms. Each one is referring to a swelling, subtraction or the shape of the leaflets. As your body try’s to function with aortic valve stenosis it, will make it pretty hard for you to do activities. Your body will have to pump harder for blood to get around your body. This means working or exercising hard becomes arduous. You will become tired faster and can faint much more easily.

An aneurysm is a life-threatening arterial disease in which the wall of arteries dilates permanently. The aortic aneurysm mainly occurs in the thoracic and abdominal regions of the aorta and can lead to the aortic dissection or rupture resulting in mortality and morbidity of patients. It is believed that multiple factors play roles in the initiation and progression of this disease. However, the underlying causes of the aortic aneurysm and its failure have not been fully understood yet. The current work aims to investigate the failure mechanisms of Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (ATAAs) from a biomechanical perspective by considering the histological and morphological changes of the ATAAs.\\

Diabetic patients due to common metabolic, coagulation and vascular abnormalities are more prone to arteriosclerosis and ischemic complications (Beckman

Some people who are injured in falls or motor vehicle crashes develop thoracic aortic aneurysms.

However, in the further with further increasing numbers of SV survivors, we will probably encounter CADs in SV patients. Nevertheless and more importantly, in SV patients who have received or will receive heart transplant an previously had IMAs embolization, IMAs CABG would not be available for them when they develop transplant coronary arterial (allograft) vasculopathy. Transplant coronary arterial (allograft) vasculopathy is of the foremost causes of morbidity and mortality after heart transplantation. Surgical (CABG) and transcatheter revascularization has been reported as a successful and viable treatment options in short as well as midterm follow up [26,27]. Therefore, losing IMAs will deprive those patients from the best graft to treat their

Coronary arteries undergo a compensatory mechanism in relation to the area of the elastic lamina, which is involved with plaque this is known as adaptive or positive remodelling where it preserves the artery until 40% of the lesion is occupied, thus stenosis may not be clinically evident and can be asymptomatic. Positive

[7] However, diabetes still remains a major risk factor for restenosis after both bare-metal stents and DESs. [10] Diabetes mellitus is regarded as a proinflammatory and prothrombotic condition, and patients with diabetes mellitus are more frequently resistant to aspirin and clopidogrel than those without diabetes mellitus. [2] The minimum necessary duration of DAPT may be longer in diabetic than in nondiabetic patients. [2] Among diabetic patients, target vessel failure occurred more frequently with 6-month DAPT than with 12-month DAPT. [2] Prolonged DAPT for >6 months might be needed to prevent late stent thrombosis because of delayed vascular healing and inflammatory reaction after implantation of drug-eluting stents.

If not corrected by the year 2050, 1 in 3 Americans will have diabetes. The cost on the medical system to prevent and treat this population by 2007 was reported to be as high as $218 billion. It is imperative to continue research to prevent current state of disease for some but also to prevent secondary medical complications, which can include other organs and disease (Fonseca et al.,

Just about every five minutes two people die of diabetes related causes and 16 people are newly diagnosed with the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Diabetes is becoming an increasingly prevalent disease, especially type 2, due to the fact that the United States population is at high risk for obesity. Type 2 diabetes is when the pancreas suffers a decline in beta cell efficiency therefore disallowing insulin to be produced at the level necessary for its metabolic function (CDC, 2015). As the incidence of diabetes increases, a positive correlation can be observed in increased risk of cardiovascular disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control (2012), in the 2011 population of people diagnosed with diabetes there were five million people with coronary artery disease, about two million who had a stroke, about 4 million diagnosed with another heart disease or condition, and about eight million diagnosed with heart disease or who have had a stroke. A person with diabetes is twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease than a person who does not have diabetes (National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse [NDIC], 2005). The numbers of people being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease due to increased risk from already having diabetes is alarming and is a major burden of diabetes. Having diabetes affects the patient in many ways but the addition of cardiovascular disease only complicates the disease and the management of it for the