Aortic Stenosis Model

Mountings of evidence exist on the benefits of physical activity and exercise for patients who have experienced a heart failure (HF) in recent years. HF occurs irrespective of age, therefore there will be no age categorisation within this report even though it is decidedly prevalent in older people, however, distinction will be made in relation to the group most likely to experience an event where pertinent. Owing to that, the intent of this report will be to asses the impact of physical activity and exercise on mortality and morbidity outcomes of those who have experience an event, as well as the advancement of quality taking into account the prognosis of the patients and their ability to undergo a particular exercise prescription.

Aortic stenosis—aortic valve stenosis— is caused by a narrowing of the heart’s aortic valve which leads to obstruction of the outflow of the left ventricle. Aortic stenosis is uncommon in patients under the age of 50. The most common cause in adults within industrialized countries is due to aortic valve calcification. Compared to any other cardiac diseases stenosis of the aortic valve is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Some of the more uncommon causes of this deadly disease include congenital heart disease, rheumatic fever, and radiation. Patients with increased age, increased low density lipoprotein (LDL), increased lipoprotein A, hypertension, and smoking history have a higher risk of developing a stenotic valve. Patients suffering from aortic stenosis often are asymptotic until more of the advanced symptoms develop. At this time, they may present the “classic triad symptoms,” which include (1) angina, (2) syncope, and (3) heart failure. There are also some broad symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea (usually with exertion), swollen ankles, difficulty exercising, or palpitations. Physical examination provides valuable insight into the diagnosis of aortic stenosis. Findings on physical examination can be confirmed through non-invasive two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram, which is the gold standard for aortic stenosis. However, other imaging modalities for diagnosis and treatment options of this debilitating disease will be discussed in this

Aortic valve stenosis is a disease that is based on a defect in the heart. It allows backflow in blood and can lead to death. Aortic valve stenosis has at least four types bicuspid, tricuspid, pulmonary and mitral stenosis. They all have the same effect on the aortic valve and almost the same symptoms. Each one is referring to a swelling, subtraction or the shape of the leaflets. As your body try’s to function with aortic valve stenosis it, will make it pretty hard for you to do activities. Your body will have to pump harder for blood to get around your body. This means working or exercising hard becomes arduous. You will become tired faster and can faint much more easily.

The aortic valve is the opening between the left ventricle and aorta. It consists of three tightly fitted leaflets that open and close in response to changes in pressure of the heart and is responsible for delivering blood throughout the body [1]. Aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve opening [2]. This narrowing restricts blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, affects the pressure in the atrium and causes the walls of the left ventricle to thicken in response to the increased pressure needed to pump blood through the stenosed valve. These physiological changes result in a decrease in the amount of blood that can enter the ventricle and limits the amount of blood being circulated to the body. Consequently, the body does not receive an adequate amount of oxygen, which eventually can lead to

In this study, we develop an agent based model (ABM) based on the ideal cardiovascular health

Aortic stenosis is a progressive valvular lesion that causes impairment of cardiac responses to surgical and anesthesia stresses. With aortic stenosis, blood ejecting into aorta is obstructed and pressure overload in left ventricle is increased. The heart compensates by left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, which would decrease the compliance of left ventricle. The heart becomes relying on left atrial contraction for optimal filling. Arial fibrillation is particularly problematic for patients with aortic stenosis, may produce dramatic decrease in stroke volume. Thickened myocardium due to concentric hypertrophy increase myocardial oxygen consumption was well as impairs myocardial perfusion.

“Influence of low shear and cyclic strain on hyperglycemic rat aortic smooth muscle cells: An In Vitro dynamic disease model”

We sum up that the IPB-1+CO diet could induce similar characteristic in body measurement and plasma lipid profiles with western atherogenic diet and suggested that responsiveness could be a good sign to choose the individual monkeys as an atherosclerosis model with any atherogenic diet, included IPB-1+CO. If there was no increase of TPC at the first 3 months of feeding, the monkeys might not produce a hypercholesterolemia, although for long term feeding, and might not form the plaques in the arteries.

Heart failure is a chronic and progressive disease process that involves weakening of the heart. A weak heart cannot adequately pump oxygenated blood to the body’s tissues. The reduction of the oxygenated blood to the body triggers mechanisms in the body to compensate for decreased blood flow. First, the baroreceptors within the heart detect decreased blood flow which signals the sympathetic nervous system. This triggers a release of epinephrine and norepinephrine causes an increase in heart rate as well as vasconstriction. The renal system responds by releasing renin which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which causes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume. Unfortunately, this is a vicious cycle that intends to help the heart but ultimately weakens it causing hypertrophy of heart muscle and various symptoms. Since this disease cannot be cured, the treatment involves delaying the progression of disease and treating the symptoms. Heart failure is the most common reason for hospitalization in those over 65 due to exacerbations and progression of the condition. (Hinkle & Cheever, 2014)

In order to provide as accurate a test as possible, care must be taken to model our system after human physiologic conditions. There are many variables at play near the aortic valve we must consider when making our tester. The most obvious physiology we have to model is pressure. A successful heart valve must be one that can reliably handle the pressures found in the body. Average blood pressure for a healthy adult male when measured with a cuff is 80/120 mmHg where two numbers are given for minimum and maximum pressures. However, pressure measured with a cuff is different than aortic pressure5. At max pressure, the difference can by as by as much as 20 mmHG for systole5. This is due to the higher elasticity of the aorta. We ust keep that in mind if hoping to get accurate pressure found at an aortic valve. Minimum pressures

AbstractThe leading cause of death in the United States according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of 2014, is heart disease ("Leading causes of death", 2017). The use of open heart surgery in eligible patients, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or a cardiac valve replacement are two surgical ways to extend the life of those living with heart disease. The recovery phase for these surgeries is crucial for the recuperation and future health of the patient. Dietary modification, exercise and personal health habits need to be adjusted to be conducive to a

A 64-year-old man was admitted to a community hospital with progressive motor weakness in both of upper and lower extremities. He felt numbness first in his left upper extremity without any previous neurological symptom or trauma. By the time of transfer to out hospital, in only one night after the initial symptom, physical findings had been progressing to spastic quadriplegia with requiring respiratory support. His past medical history was significant for diabetes millets, cerebral infarction, arteriosclerosis obliterans and obesity with body mass index of 27.1 kg/m2. He had undergone anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical disc herniation at the level of C6/7. Neurological examination revealed hypoesthesia below C4 dermatome but intact deep sensation, hyperreflexia in

Some of the main pathologies of heart failure include. The muscle contraction of the heart may weaken due to overloading of the ventricle with blood during diastole. In a healthy individual, an overloading of blood in the ventricle triggers an increases in muscle contraction, to raise the cardiac output. In heart failure, however, this mechanism fails due to weakened cardiac muscles (Neighbors & Tannehill-Jones, 2010)

The heart, like most organs, are not given much consideration until they cause us discomfort or begin to fail. Heart failure gives millions of people from the young to the old a reason to become aware of their hearts. It is a chronic disease that worsens over time limiting the heart’s ability to pump blood through the body and has several forms and manifestations to include cardiomyopathies and adjacent arterial system. These forms have both genetic and non genetic causes. Research of the genetic components, the DNA sequences, protein markers, general pathophysiology of heart failure can predict a person's health outcome, help design drug treatments that are better utilized in the body, as well as physical rehabilitation routines tailored

In cardiac transplant, the patient’s survival rate is enriched after the surgery absolutely in the first year of life. The existence rate is increased up to 88% in the first year, 75% for 5years, and 56% for 10 years. Post-surgery, most of the heart transplant patients are going back to their normal and optimum level of activity. Moreover, less than 30% of patients going back to work for their personal reasons. (NHLBI, 2012). A patient who diagnosed with end-stage heart failure, heart valve and muscle damage, and viral infection of the