Ap Biology Lab Report

My sisters and I love to go shopping, we then have lunch together when we’re done

Observation: no bugs were found except small, black, gnats were all close to the ground.

An individual that plays only part of its role because of competition or other types of species interactions is said to display a realized niche. Species over time divide the resources they commonly use by specializing in different ways.

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

The major storage polysaccharide in plants is starch. These molecules would be found in abundance in the stroma in the plant tubers where it is found as granules. Glucose is stored mainly in the form of starch granules, in plastids like chloroplasts and amyloplasts. Plant starch starts out as glucose, but glucose is very hard for plants to store, so it is converted to starch through polymerization. Amyoplasts turn the glucose into starch and move it to the stroma, and in tubers the stroma is a place to store the food (starch), and when plants need the energy in the starch, it converts the starch back into glucose.

Hydrolysis of starch for fungal amylase Aspergillus Oryzae and bacterial amylase Bacillus Licheniformis at different temperatures.

The purpose of the “chi-square test” was to see if our data was in an acceptable range of a specific ratio listed above. The chi-square test took into account the expected deviations in the F2 offspring’s alleles.

1. The author chose to focus on 375 million year old rock because the transition from fins to necks and limbs occurred then. The scientists knew that any time later than this and they would find lots of animals with limbs. But if they searched earlier than this time then there are only fish without necks. When the fish were evolving they evolved necks before they evolved limbs so this was a good sign in chronology. Sedimentary rocks are the best types of rocks for fossil due to their gradual pressure and low amounts of heat. Sedimentary rock is also found in lake beds and streams, where fish and aquatic wildlife are most likely to live.

For determination of oxidative stress and insulin response, C2C12 murine myoblasts, grown with approximately 90% confluence, were induced for differentiation and placed into myotubes. Primary muscle cells taken from mice were isolated for growth and differentiation. Human cells were collected from 10 subjects consisting of 5 lean and 5 overweight females.

3. Soil samples were collected at varying distances from the lake at 10m increments (0-40m) using the shovel and meter stick. Soil samples were only collected from a depth of about 2-8 inches.

Table of Contents Aim 0 Hypothesis 0 Materials 0 Procedure 0 Results 1 Discussion 2 Conclusion 3 References 3 AIM To model radioactive decay and half-life HYPOTHESIS The trend will mimic the pattern of the half-life of a radioactive material, with the same approximate curve, because the M&Ms with m showing will be approximately half of the total M&Ms at every half-life, which is the same as decaying radioisotopes, with half the atoms disappearing every half-life. MATERIALS • A packet of M&Ms • A clean sheet of paper (A4) • A clean jar/cupcake cup PROCEDURE 1. Copy the table from the criteria sheet into your workbook 2. Count the total number of M&Ms in the container 3.

The most unique thing about the hagfish is its four pea sized hearts that beat independent of each other and these hearts are not regulated by nerves. It is similar to that of a human heart in embryo form. Dr. Jenson has done a variety of experiments with the hagfish heart and how they work. In his experiments he removed the heart and placed it under the skin of another hagfish or in salt solution, and the result was always that the heart kept beating for a few weeks in another host, or a few days in solution. It took eleven years until he uncovered what made the hearts pulse, and called it eptatretin. In an experiment with using dogs, eptatretin was injected into a dog that had a heart attack and stunningly he was jolted back to live. Before this powerful heart regulator can be used on humans, it must go through many tested on animals to note any possible unwanted side effects before it can ever be used on humans. (Berry

The use of experimental animal models is imperative to advance our understandings of the disease pathophysiology and pharmacology. Small animal models are often used as experimental animal models for studying these human diseases including cardiovascular diseases. However, these animal models possess various problems to make the direct translational approach difficult. These factors include the small body size and their different cardiovascular physiology and kinetic. Large animal models including dogs, cats and pigs are also used for studying various diseases, but they still possess inherited physiological, biochemical and genetic differences from humans. Non-human primate model of cardiovascular diseases has great advantages for the translational

The last animal didn’t make it due to something happening in the last day of study. They found out that there was no difference in PH in gas valve. They found that thyroid hormone is an important and potent regulator of cardio myocyte maturation in the last days of gestation. They got the results that they got because it will prove that thyroid can help in the long run to help with mothers with thyroid problems that will have babies with congenital heart disease. The mechanism that were involved in achieving the results were the four groups that were use such as the four groups of ewes that were pregnant with twins.

The ventricles of the heart connected so intimately to each other in driving the function of the whole heart were therefore thought to have very similar function. Moreover, the proteins of LV and RV originate from the same genes (Myl6 for ELC, MYH6 and MYH7 for HC, MYL2 for RLC, MYL3 for LC). Only, recent advances shed light on their dissimilarities at varying levels of genetic, proteomic 5, force studies etc 14, 24,38.