Ap Human Genetics Chapter 6 Analysis

A lot of people are interested in figuring out their genetic heritage. With that information they seek to figure out if their is a root cause to their health problems or just to see where their family was from based off of their DNA. Sequencing and analyzing DNA for individuals was not always possible. But as new methods were created, DNA analysis services were sold to people so they could have a deeper understanding about themselves, like how ones body is effected by caffeine.

Hannah Warren Jan Hadder, and Meg Huggins are three women with different experiences or knowledge about genetic testing. I was intrigued by the information that they dispensed to us, and the different mindset each had. A preference of mine about something they could have altered would have been the setting. Although I admired the information, I began to lose focus because the atmosphere was stiff and not active. Another thing that could have been different that would have expanded our knowledge about genetic testing, would be to have a male speak to be able to hear from a males point of

She emphasized that transposition wasn’t just about turning corn color genes on and off, but also possibly a way for the genome to reorganize itself quickly as a response to environmental conditions. However, most scientists were puzzled and hostile towards her ideas. Though she eventually gave up trying to convince them and stopped publishing her data, she didn’t let that get her down, because she “knew she was right”. But there were geneticists who did appreciate her work. In the 1970s, a molecular basis of transposition was discovered, and the connection between transposition and antibacterial resistance and cancer was made. Starting in 1971, McClintock began to receive a long list of awards, including the National Medal of Science awarded to her by President Nixon, and in 1983, she won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her work on transposition. Afterwards, she remained at Cold Spring Harbor and gave talks on her work until her death. McClintock’s work is relevant even nowadays. It was found that a large percentage of many genomes including that of humans is composed of transposons. Because transposons can jump around and insert themselves into protein-coding sequences, they could cause cancer. In order for the cells to protect their genomes, recently, small RNAs called piRNAs were discovered to target histone methylation to transposon sequences to stop the transposons from moving around. Additionally,

Barbara McClintock was born on June 16, 1902, in Hartford, Connecticut (Tracy). When she was born, the terms “gene” or “genetics” did not exist (Keller 1). Yet, by the time she was finished with her work, advanced terms in genetics, such as “transposable elements” had come about. McClintock was born to Thomas and Sara McClintock. Thomas came from a poor background but became a doctor. He also had an interest in science, which may have been where Barbara’s interest originated (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica). In contrast, Sara McClintock came from a much wealthier, more prestigious background; her ancestors could be traced to Pilgrims on the Mayflower (Tracy). After her marriage, Sara, who became a mother of four, was a piano teacher to bring in more money for the family. At the age of three, Barbara was sent to live with her aunt and uncle for three years (Tracy). She enjoyed her time with the extended family and returned to Thomas and Sara after three years

Jumping genes were first introduced to the public in 1951, when Barbara McClintock presented her ideas at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory after years of dedicated research. McClintock discovered that mutations were not necessarily “random, rare, and relatively small” (136). She noticed that certain genes moved from one place to another, frequenting certain areas over others. These moves affected other genes, turning them on or off. It also appeared that these movements were “triggered by outside influences … like extreme heat or drought” (137). At first, many people did not believe her, but after more research was done, it became clear that McClintock was correct. Even now, scientists do not know what causes genes to “jump” or how they

He discovered reverse transcriptase, which is the enzyme that transcribes DNA from RNA. When he did that he discovered a certain class of viruses, that used a RNA template to recopy the synthesis of DNA. His discovery overturned the genetic theory. The genetic theory belief is that genetic information flows unidirectionally from DNA to RNA and then into its proteins. The discovery he made along with Howard Temin, who had proposed the provirus hypothesis, overturned the central dogma of molecular biology by showing that genetic information could traffic bidirectionally between DNA and RNA.

This would occur by the genomic restructuring mechanism recombination has, particularly in areas with repeated sequences. Recombination of transposable elements, which many contain repeated sequences, as well as other repeat sequences found in the genome, may be one of the main mechanisms by which genetic regions are rearranged, lost, or duplicated. Recombination can result in the following: translocations, in which repeated sequences on two different chromosomes are swapped with a region of another chromosome, possibly lead to a change in the copy number of genes; deletions, in which a loss of a region of a genome occurs, usually decreasing fitness and are selected against over time; duplications, which result in the presence of extra copies of specific regions of the genome; inversions, which lead to a change in the order in which they are found, resulting in alterations in gene expression without changing the copy number of

“Human well-being is not a random phenomenon. It depends on many factors - ranging from genetics and neurobiology to sociology and economics. But, clearly, there are scientific truths to be known about how we can flourish in this world” (Sam Harris). Even before humans gave formal thought to classification, there were innate differences by gender regarding the roles that defined an individual. While the world progressed, these societal roles and stereotypes persisted, often trapping males and females into presumed roles. In an investigation into human genetics, it will be proven that in today’s society the genetic advantages of males have largely become obsolete, whereas the genetic advantages of females have persevered and flourished.

During the process of completing the genogram assignment I learned a lot about my family. It helped me to make connections and put things into perspective. My grandmother and grandfather on my paternal side of the family had 13 children. There are 7 boys and 6 girls. Among the thirteen children there are one set of twins and they are the oldest. My father passed last year from ongoing health issues so I relied much on the information my uncles provided to me. A trend I noticed is that my dad & two of his brothers were the only ones to migrate to America. Unfortunately, the remaining 10 children are still living in Ivory Coast, West Africa and I do not have a relationship with them. So I have limited information displayed on the genogram regarding them. Another trend is that all three brothers married an American woman and had children. I found it interesting that my uncle Armand and my father happened to marry women who were ten years older than themselves. The next trend I noticed is that all three brothers got a divorce from their first wife and remarried to an Ivorian woman. In addition, to the divorce the reason was due to infidelity on their behalf. The trend I also noticed as well is that they all obtained a Bachelor’s degree and have successful careers. All three men had a hostile relationship with their ex-wives due to their role of infidelity within the marriage. This affected how

EO WilsonIn 1989, Dawkins pulled back his book, with two new chapters to the original and final chapters, in which small self-correction is done and defends the attacks after the first edition notes. Let's go to see, and magnify features, which means this new contribution to the modern theory of evolution.

Barbara McClintock was the next biologist who was major in this section. McClintock and her assistant Creighton used corn to find their discoveries. They both knew each corn’s chromosomes very well, so it made

A mutation is when a change in the DNA sequence occurs. Some mutations cause diseases, variations, or no affect at all.

Genotype is the genetic information included in the DNA of a living thing. (Page 197)

Many researchers have studied the short allele variation of the gene. Though most of have different views of how the serotonin transporter gene is related to emotions, most agree that the gene has some factor in emotion regulation. Some focus on the gene being a factor in the amount of depression, anxiety, and stress. (insert citation) Others explore the gene determining the amount of satisfaction within a person’s life. (insert citation) Some also explore the possible solutions or affects that could change the negative impact the short allele gene has on the way we think. (insert citation) The results of these experiments play a role in the discovery and evidence of the gene having a link to our emotions.

During her years in college, she took a course in cytology, the study of how cells work. She merged cytology methods and genetic studies to create cytogenetics. She made many very important discoveries in the field. Her work continues to shape modern geneticism today.