Ap Psych Outline

Field experiments are those conducted in the real world and under normal social conditions, but following a similar procedure to the laboratory experiments. Participants in this experiment do not normally know that they are being studied in an experiment; this therefore eradicates the Hawthorne effect, but causes another undesirable outcome as it causes a problem with getting consent. Interpretivists are typically interested in using field experiments as they want to know how meanings and labels can get attached to different people and then how others then view them.

The self-fulfilling prophecy is an important force in interpersonal communication, but it doesn’t explain or affect all behavior. There are certainly times when the expectation of an event’s outcome won’t bring it about.

Experimental is manipulation of one or more variables and control over variables. Clear definition shows that this study is not experimental because the variables are unable to be manipulated due to ethics. The current variables being studied are people who have suffered from CSA (childhood sexual abuse) or other childhood abuse and the likeliness that their distress well causes them to drink. It would be unethical to perform an experimental research on this research hypothesis. It would require choosing certain children to be subjected to childhood sexual abuse or any other abuse and a group that would not

Which term is used to describe the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you.

An answer may be found in the Dunning-Kruger effect: the curious phenomenon of “confident idiots” emboldened by their own ignorance, rather than cautioned by it.

7. Controlled experiment- An experiment that only tests one variable and the group being tested (experimental group) is compared to the control group (the group that isn’t testing the variable).

11. It is important to change one variable at a time in an experiment so you can identify the changes you made in the experiment.

My topic is about the role of hindsight bias in real life. It is important to know how hindsight bias affects people’s life, especially people’s cognition.

Strongman, L. (2012). Déjà Vu Explained? A Qualitative Perspective. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 33(3/4), 205-218. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43854342

As Kahneman and Tversky investigated availability bias, it is considered a cognitive bias of a person, which makes people overestimate events’ probabilities associated with dramatic circumstances. In fact, a cognitive bias is an example of judgment deviation, which may occur in separate situations. Media on societal level usually cover all the memorable events and failures. Therefore, a cognitive bias is explained as a mistake in judgement, which could be caused mostly by experience.

Scientific approaches reject the explanation of déjà vu as "precognition" or "prophecy", but rather explain it as an anomaly of memory, which creates a distinct impression that an experience is "being recalled". This explanation is supported by the fact that the sense of "recollection" at the time is strong in most cases, but that the circumstances of the "previous" experience

In this experiment the substance that we are putting in the boiling water is the independent variable because we are measuring which substance will grow more crystals in meters .

Why is this phenomenon so important? Emily stark and Daniel Sachau discuss how those who cannot accurately access their abilities to avoid negative outcomes will stop protecting themselves from risks. For example, in Sachau and Stark’s literary review, they discuss previous studies that show this phenomenon. For instance, one study found that sexually active women see themselves as less likely to become accidentally pregnant, and thus are less likely to use contraceptives. In another study cited by Sachau; when people are overly optimistic about their abilities they show higher rates of accidental self-injury or demonstrate excessive risk-taking in business. Stark elaborates by discussing how people may underestimate their abilities or knowledge

As the current study is focused on exploring these biases across genders, it is essential to understand how male and females make their decisions. Significant similarities and differences have been noted on how males and females come up with their decisions (Wing, 2010). Generally, men are known to rush when it comes to decision making. Female characters, on the other hand, demonstrate thoughtfulness in decision making as they try to explore and communicate their concerns before making a logical conclusion. It can, therefore, be deduced that men are better decision makers than female characters in a situation that require immediate answers while females are good decision makers in case of critical matters that requires long-term thoughts. The hindsight and foresight bias is exhibited differently across genders. According to the study "The Hindsight Bias Effects in short-Term Investment Decision-Making," TChai (2012) found that both females and males demonstrate differences in their Hindsight bias and decision-making processes. According to the TChai (2012), hindsight bias remains higher in women than men in all types of events that were tested. In another study, that reported on the impact of hindsight and foresight bias on fear of the future illness found that there is a higher degree of hindsight bias in women than in men (Richard, Christopher, & Paul, 1993). As the study focused on the determination of fear level for cancer and noncancerous diseases among males and females, female characters in the study expressed more fear than men. The future fear can be attributed to hindsight bias, foresight bias as well as prior knowledge. This shows that women are more likely to engage in "I knew it all along" behavior as well as use their past experiences to predict the

Epstude, Roese, Spellman and Mandel as cited in Roesse and Morisson (2009) claimed that there was an assumption in current theorizing that counterfactual thoughts dramatize and underscore a causal inference that is already thought by the person to sensibly credible rather than creating the causal inference. In addition, counterfactual thoughts may influence blaming effects as well as overconfidence in past prediction. Likewise, counterfactual—induced causal inference may also influence future outcomes prediction. For instance, an individual might predict future triumphs featuring star player if a football victory was because of the said star player’s