Ap World History Chapter 13 Study Guide

As the classical period emerged, religion as well as other cultural influences had been some of the main aspects of much of how history was shaped during this time period. Many religions had sprung up during this time period such as Judaism, which was a monotheistic religion and had developed with the codification of the Hebrew scriptures. This religion reflected the cultures of different regions such as Mesopotamia. The Jewish states were conquered by the Babylonians, Assyrians, and the Romans during this time period as well. Another religion important to this time period is the Vedic religion Hinduism, which had originated in India. This religion was

The Europeans got coffee from the Arabs in the 17th century when European explorers visited Islamic lands and brought the drink back with them. At first, there was a controversy whether it should be prohibited or not due

A) Coffee originated in Yemen, Arabia where it was viewed as a religious beverage. Over time it spread to Mecca and Cairo, where it became a recreational drink to be drunk in a social manner in large coffee houses. It also became a popular substitute for alcohol, which was banned under Islam. Europeans traveling in the Middle East came upon coffee and coffeehouses and commented on their popularity. But it wasn’t until 1652, when an Armenian servant named Pasqua Rosee opened the first coffee house in London, that coffee transformed from a little known novelty into a wide spread phenomenon. When, in 1658, Cromwell died and public opinion swung in the favor of a new monarchy, coffee houses became central in political debates and commercial business. The trend quickly caught on and coffee houses became fashionable throughout Europe.

Overall, changes to the labor systems in the English West Indies and the Southern colonies were brought about by an increase in slaves, while the New England and Middle colonies kept continuity in their labor systems by not needing an overwhelming number of slaves to work their smaller farms and artisan

The origins and development of slavery in Britain’s North American colonies during the colonial period can be traced down to the fact that North American colonies were created for the economic profit of Great Britain. Reasons for the development of slavery in the North American colonies can be the switch to slavery from indentured servitude due to the desire of free labor and the results of Bacon’s rebellion, the introduction of cash crops such as sugar and tobacco and the introduction of the plantation system, and the easy access of slaves due to the triangular trade and the middle passage.

This (the rebellion of the indentured servants) among the fact that more labor was needed than in the New England colonies added to the African Slave population.

Coffee was first created in Yemen. From Yemen, coffee moved into the Arabic culture. Europeans then smuggled coffee beans into Europe.

The caffeine in coffee become an ethical increase over alcohol and have become a fashionable social beverage. It was interesting to see how it started off as this very exotic drink only for the upper class and then turned into what it is now. Coffee is a very fashionable drink that does not cost much that many have led their days with in today’s society.

In sharp contrast to what most people think, “only about 6 percent of the slaves imported in Africa ended up in what is now the United States.” Most of those taken from Africa ended up, if they survived the long sea voyage, in the West

During the development of the colonies and the nation as a whole, slaves were utilized in order to produce the crops and perform laborious tasks that were “below” white people. In the 1660s, there was an increased demand for tobacco products as well as indigo and rice in England (“African American Slavery in the Colonial Era, 1619-1775”). In order to fulfill the demand, there was a spike in interest in purchasing slaves. More and more slaves were needed to produce larger amounts of crops for the plantation owners.

Over four million captives went to Brazil during the trade. Spanish America saw the influx of over 1.662 million slaves during the slave trade era. The French sugar islands imported almost 1.7 million slaves and the British Caribbean islands received almost 1.65 million.

Over the course of time, there has been numerous amounts of goods introduced to the global market have acted as a lens in which societal changes can be observed through. By reviewing a society’s most demanded commodities and goods at a given time, one can acquire further insight into certain cultural aspects and values those societies may have held. Coffee is one such good that can provide such an insight into the social status and values of a time period. Further understanding of how coffee has played a role in social aspects of consumer countries, as well as portraying the social environment of such countries, can be gained when looking deeper into the history surrounding coffee and its development into society. “Culture infuses coffee with social and symbolic meanings” (Tucker 6), and in specific cases this connection between coffee and a consumer countries’ social atmosphere can indeed represent the culture.

The Turks were so in love with the coffee, that they would actually par-boil the beans, so they could not be transported to other parts of the world and re-planted. It is said though, that an Indian named Baba Budan smuggled beans to India in his stomach and that the Dutch eventually got hold of some and would grow coffee in greenhouses. And so began the introduction of the bean to Europe.

Coffee was introduced to Europe in the mid-1500’s, it was referred to as aged coffee. During that period, Mocha which is now Yemen was the primary supplier of coffee in Europe. Importing coffee from Yemen to Europe takes a long journey through the sea around the southern region of Africa. This long voyage is still held when coffee production spread through

The two major features of seventeenth century agriculture in the Caribbean was the ever-growing need for plantation systems and the mass migration of millions of people from Africa, Asia and Europe to the islands to work on these plantations. The Sugar Revolution in the West Indies began in 1650 and pushed this phenomenon along dramatically (cite). Sugar quickly became the most sought-after commodity in both Europe and the Americas. Up until around 1650, the British and French colonies were attempting to conceive an ideal crop that they could be used to increase their exports to their respective metropoles across the Atlantic (cite). This crop needed to be high in value, able to be produced in bulk, survive the journey to Europe and lastly, had to be able to be produced on the available land with available labour. (cite) The problem faced by the colonists was that they had no knowledge of agriculture in a tropic climate, so they needed to figure out something that was familiar and could be grown on Caribbean soil (cite). They attempted to produce and export cotton, indigo and tobacco at first but each of these were deemed unsuccessful due to their northern counterparts in America making the same crops (cite). Eventually, the decided that sugar would be the optimal crop that they could use to export to Europe. The process of producing and cultivating sugar was incredibly precarious. The conditions of labour were horrendous and many died on sugar plantations (cite the