Ap World History Chapter 2 Essay

Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of civilization. While there is divergence in relation to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a king by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, people from the east, bringing along the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years later in 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C., Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt.

In the Middle Kingdom 2100–1650 B.C.E. Trade was imperative with their neighbors, that included Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Crete, and Nubia became more widespread. Religion became more democratic in its view of who can go into the afterlife. The New Kingdom began after the defeat of the Hyksos invaders in 1500. It lasted through the years of imperial wars in opposition to the Hittites and other for the control of Mesopotamia, which ended with the retreat of Egypt that caused the Egyptian civilization to support the invasion of

“As a result of the Hyksos wars, Egypt was no longer isolated and before long began to play a full part in the developments and trade of the Eastern Mediterranean.” (Grimal)

In ancient Egypt the territory controlled was from southern Syria, going through the heart of Sudan and stopping in northern Ethiopia. With Akhen-Aton ignorance the northern border of Egypt was taken by force (Ramesses II). The group responsible was Hittites. “After the death of Akhen-Aton, and the murder (or death) of his successor Tut-Ankh-Amon, his wife (and Akhen-Atons daughter), ‘Ankh-Esenpa-Aton’, attempted a diplomatic coup with the Hittites. In order to secure her position, she sent a secret letter to their king asking him for a son whom she could marry and make pharaoh. As this offer was astounding, the king suspected treachery and sent an ambassador to test the queen’s true intentions. In response to her assurance, the king sent his son. However, he was captured and murdered by the Egyptian commander of the army, Horemheb (who later became pharaoh). Hostility between Egypt and the Hittites was further augmented (Dr. Sameh M. Arab).” That ultimately ended that eighteenth

Comparison: After the failed invasion of the Hyksos around 1500 B.C.E, how did the Egyptian people change the Old Kingdom to the more improved the Old Kingdom?

The capital of Nubia during the later period of Nubians ruling Egypt was Meroe. This period is when Nubians began to reclaim their own culture, instead of following Egyptian culture.

Nubia, being one of the earliest civilizations suffered tremendous amounts of turmoil during it’s early existence due to major violence with a similar neighbor, Egypt. One reason for the Turmoil; Egypt, being one of the most military powerful civilizations at that time, wanted to exercise aggressive expansions against Nubia to gain more land. Another reason for violence, would be the need to attain more goods. This was marked by military raids, expeditions and conquests by the Egyptians. Even though the two civilizations did go through great periods of peace, the standstill never lasted because of how harrowing the relationships between the two civilzations were.

Kush - By the time of the unification of Egypt in 3100 BC, several Nubian kingdoms had already been established along the middle Nile between the first and fourth cataracts. After an Egyptian invasion of Nubia as far as the second cataract in about 1900 BC, the Nubian kingdoms formed a loose unity, centered on the city of Kerma, just south of the third cataract. Little is known about this kingdom until it was brought within the Egyptian New Kingdom empire about 1500 BC. As Egyptian control weakened after 1100 BC, Nubia reasserted its independence and became known as Kush. A new capital and religious center was established at Napata, near the fourth cataract, and Kushite culture flourished. Kush’s agricultural economy was based on cattle herding

Nubians art and architecture is traced back hundreds of years. They urbanized one of the oldest and utmost civilizations in their region until they lost their last empire years ago. Nubia was a land of expected wealth and prosperity and Sudan had remained the main home of Nubians through their long history, but many live in Egypt today. Nubian art impacted Egyptian Art through their past art and architecture, one can see how glorious and influential these group of people were to the world.

Lesson 1: Nubia and the Land Of Kush The Region of Nubia Upper and Lower Nubia Like Egypt, Nubia was divided into upper (southern, upstream) and lower (northern, downstream) areas. Like the Egyptians, the people of Nubia lived along the Nile. However, in southern Nubia, unlike in Egypt, a climate that provided greater moisture meant farming was not limited to the Nile valley.

Trade and commerce proved beneficial to the North Eastern African region through trade routes that crossed through Moroe and throughout Africa. Within the North East Africa, the two dominant cultures spread ideas to each other mainly. From the Egyptians and the Nubians adopted their deities from the Egyptian culture. Aside from the Egyptian deities, the Nubians took inspiration from the architecture by adapting their building style to incorporate common building themes from the Egyptians, a common example of this is the emergence of the Nubian pyramids from 700 BC – 400 AD. The Saudi Arabian domestication of camels later made an appearance into the Nubian culture and transformed transportation from the encroaching desert. Between the Nubians

The first site discusses seven periods in ancient Nubia. The first, is the Nubian age from 3100-1000 BC. The Nubian people were split in into three groups, “A-groups”, “C-groups” and “Kerma culture”. The second period was the Egyptian colonization dating from 1550-590 BC. Egypt dominated Nubian territories, changing Lower Nubia to “ Wawat” and upper Nubia to “Kush”. Third, is the Naptan period from 590-300 BC. During, this period Egypt invaded Kush and capture Napata. Next is the transitional period which from 300-270 BC. The rulers of Kush were no longer buried at Napata. The fifth period was the Early Merotic period dating from 270-90 BC. When the Kush relocated it weaken the Egyptian influence. Then there was the Middle of Meroitic period,

Settling along the banks of the Nile River, hunters - gatherers evolved into subsistence agriculture. The Egyptians had a unique and special bond with the Nile River which was the life source that made Egypt function with great power. The Nile provided them everything they need from fertile soil and fresh water, to rich hunting grounds with an endless supply of fish. Thanks to the river, Egypt grew into a wealthy, vast mystical land. With that Egypt became a target to foreign invaders. To conquer this land would prove to be difficult. Egypt’s location was protected by the terrain surrounding the city. You had in the north the Mediterranean Sea, west the Sahara Desert, east the Red Sea, in the south Nubia, another city advanced like Egypt, and finally the Nile River running straight down Egypt. With their land flourishing one may ask, why didn’t Egypt want to expand and conquer new territory? Simply because the Egyptians weren’t interested. The

1600–1050 B.C.), the earliest archaeologically recorded dynasty in Chinese history. The Shang dynasty was conquered by the people of Zhou, who came from farther up the Yellow River in the area of Xi’an in Shaanxi Province. In the first years of the Zhou dynasty (ca. 1046–256 B.C.), known as the Western Zhou (ca. 1046–771 B.C.), the ruling house of Zhou exercised a certain degree of “imperial” power over most of central China. With the move of the capital to Luoyang in 771 B.C., however, the power of the Zhou rulers declined and the country divided into a number of nearly autonomous feudal states with nominal allegiance to the emperor. The second phase of the Zhou dynasty, known as the Eastern Zhou (771–256 B.C.), is subdivided into two periods, the Spring and Autumn period (770–ca. 475 B.C.) and the Warring States period (ca. 475–221 B.C.). During the Warring States period, seven major states contended for supreme control of the country, ending with the unification of China under the Qin in 221

Many scholars who interested in the relation of Egypt and Nubia, they focus on their study about the interchange influences between them, and the direct impact of the culture of Egypt and Nubia, may appear obvious in