Appendix B

1. Most cancers incidence peak among children occurs during the first year of life. Some of the most well-known nationwide childhood cancers are leukemia, brain cancer, and other central nervous system cancers. The side effects of treatment, which range from heart disease to brain

The male during the excitement phase experiences an increased heart rate, as well as breathing. The male’s penis usually becomes erect during this stage, as it prepares for coitus. However, the male’s penis could lose and regain its erection several times during the excitement phase. In addition, the males testicles drawn up towards the perineum. The male’s scrotum

So Artificial ionizing radiation is one of the reasons and it's a type of energy released by atoms that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. Viruses which are infective agents. Benzene which is a colorless volatile liquid hydrocarbon present in coal tar and petroleum. Hair dyes like when you change the color of your hair. genetic predisposition. some studies researching family history and looking at twins have indicated that some people have a higher risk of developing leukemia because of a single gene or multiple genes. Down syndrome, experts say that people with down syndrome have a higher possibility of getting leukemia. “The last one is Electromagnetic energy, experts can't really prove that this is a cause, but they do say it is a slight

When you write, you form paragraphs. A paragraph is a group of sentences that relate in topic and thought. A paragraph generally consists of three to five sentences and usually begins with a topic sentence. A topic sentence is a general statement that announces what the paragraph is about. By starting a paragraph with a topic sentence, your audience may immediately identify your topic. This construction also helps you, the writer, stay focused on your subject.

Research states, childhood leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is the most common cancer within children, and it occurs when irregular white blood cells form in the bone marrow. These irregular white blood cells start to rapidly travel through the blood stream and crowd out healthy blood cells. When the white blood cells travel through the blood stream and crowd out healthy cells, it increases the risk for infection (“Childhood Leukemia”). While childhood leukemia can be very traumatic, there are still ways to help families cope with this cancer.

Certain children are at a higher risk for Leukemia than others. The risk of Leukemia increases if your child has an inherited disorder such as Down Syndrome,

Leukemia has many different types and those types have subtypes which subdivide into more division. Leukemia is defined as an increase in cancerous white blood cells (WBC’s) which fill the bone marrow and blood stream. I will be focusing on Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) whose mechanism I could not totally understand but will try to explain to the best of my abilities. The T lymphocyte or B lymphocyte is what becomes neoplastic in ALL. Mechanisms of leukemia include chromosome rearrangement creating a Philadelphia chromosome. The growth of the white blood cells is disrupted; hyperplasia occurs in many organs and tissues due to the lymphoblast compiling, which in turn disturb their regular function. In the bone marrow the uninhibited lymphoblast

Leukemia is a cancer of blood cells. It involves the abnormal production of blood cells usually the white blood cells which do not act the same way as normal white blood cells. this process kills off the normal blood cells making it difficult to fight off infections, transport oxygen, and control bleeding.

A child that develop Leukemia produces a large amount of immature white blood cells called blasts (“KidsMD”). Usually when a person has healthy cells the body sends a signal out that there is not enough room for any more, however, when blasts are produced they do not respond to the signal that the body sends out. Therefore the blasts push out all the healthy cells in the bone marrow causing symptoms of Leukemia

There are many different types and variations of leukemia, and not all types have singular, concrete causes associated with them. One of the four most common types of leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, is characterised by the unregulated growth of blasts which

Lifestyle factors often put one at risk for developing cancers later in life. Smoking and sun exposure are just two of many that can theoretically predispose a patient to certain types of cancers such as skin or lung. However, the cause of childhood cancer is often unknown. Approximately 61% of childhood cancers are from leukemia and brain tumors originating in the mesodermal germ layer (McCance & Heuther, 2014). The mesodermal germ layer “gives rise to connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle, blood, blood vessels, gonads, kidney, and the lymphatic system” (McCance & Heuther, 2014, p. 443). The most commonly diagnosed childhood cancer is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which can be easily cured with the appropriate treatment. The average age that this cancer is diagnosed is ages three to five and usually affects more males than females (“Acute Lymphoblastic,” n.d.).

Rosen declares “Leukemia is different from other types of cancer that start in organs such as the lungs, colon, or breast and then spread to bone marrow” (n.p.). Leukemia is a cancer of the blood stream and bone marrow (Rosen n.p.). Rosen admits leukemia cells often multiply and mature and goes into the bloodstream once they leave the bone marrow (n.p.). The bone marrow is the spongy squish part in the center of the bones (n.p.). The cells can partly mature but not completely (Rosen n.p.). Rosen mentions if the leukemia cells are in the blood they can spread to any organ in the body (n.p.). Leukemia starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow (Rosen n.p.). A change in the cells takes place in an early immature version of other

Cancer in children most commonly arises from changes in the child 's DNA and is less likely to be due to environmental and lifestyle factors such as some adult cancers. It is a disease with starts from cells behaving abnormally by replicating uncontrollably, creating masses which can move to other places of the body and start growing there. Even though children can handle cancer treatment better than adults - they can receive higher doses and they have a higher survival rate, the treatment may do long term damage to their bodies. This leads

As time goes by, chemicals in the cells of our genes can change. If one’s parents have a gene that causes lung cancer, their children will be at a higher risk of developing lung cancer even if they are a casual or non-smoker. People who have a certain chromosome number 6 are likely to develop lung cancer (The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team, 2016).

Cancer is believed to be caused primarily by environmental factors. This would include, for example, UV light from the sun, which can cause dimerization of thymine nucleotides ultimately leading to mutations causing skin cancer. Similarly, mutagens in cigarette smoke are involved in causing lung cancer. However, more recent studies show that predisposition to cancer is inheritable. The logic to this lies in the mechanism in which cancer develops.