Appiah Soccer Summary

Appiah defines Cosmopolitanism as being conscious that every citizen that belongs to a community among other communities. The writer wanted to remind the reader the value being of conscious that we are part of a bigger community. Appiah main idea in his work was to start having conversations that discuss cultures, beliefs and values to expand our knowledge about other cultures and not having the excuse of marking another culture’s belief right or wrong. He argues that by using Cosmopolitanism we can create a more united community.

The United States is one of the strongest standing superpowers that have existed in the past few decades. Many people believe that the United States is declining from being a continuous super power; however according to Zakaria the United States is not declining. This is because they remain to have one of the strongest standing army, they have risen culturally, and economically the United States has been emerging enormously. According to Zakaria the United States has dominated the politics, and the culture in the 20th century, nonetheless he believes countries such as China, India, European Union, Russia, Brazil, South Korea, Japan, South Africa, and Turkey will rise in the 21st century. Zakaria states “-industrial, financial, educational, social cultural- the distribution power is shifting, moving away from American Dominance” (5). Thus he is proving his point about how the power is shifting to the other 124 countries. Furthermore, Sachs Jeffery mentions the “poverty trap” and the many possible ways to help the countries that really need it. One way to help these under developed countries is by providing for these republics. The developed nations need to assist the poor economic states just enough so their living standards may rise. The United States doesn’t have a lot to worry about the “rise of the rest”, therefore helping countries under the poverty trap should still be aided by the developing nations, because countries such as the sub-Saharan African nations are under

Globalization is difficult to simply define due to the variety of changing definitions that have been established over previous decades. Hamilton and Webster (2012) suggest that globalization is the connection between nations, defining globalization as a process in which barriers are reduced in order to encourage exchanges between countries. This view proposes that globalization refers very much so to the trade barriers and the improved communications between countries in order to ensure the world is unified. Globalization increases economic activity across the world and opens up markets for foreign investment.

This trend was popular in colonial times and has survived due to help from international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank. One such way this that has been encouraged is through the Washington Consensus. The IMF and World Bank implemented the Washington Consensus, a set of fixed ideas about international trade and economic development, through structural adjustment programs which were mandatory for countries if they wished to borrow money from either of the organizations (Nederveen, 2004, p. 11). In conjunction with structural adjustments to continue the dependency theory, the United States uses both the IMF and the World Bank as tools to further their foreign policy and to support US aims and polices (Finnegan, 2003, p. 43). These programs were supposed to reduce poverty and facilitate growth but really just ended up screwing over many countries. Additionally, they were really just ways for America to assert their control under the guise of an international organization providing support to developing countries’ economies (Finnegan, 2003, p. 42). Ultimately structural adjustments were used to implement policies that the United States thinks is best for the world and promote American values (Manzo, 1999, p. 112). The World Bank and the IMF listen to the rich countries and implement policies that they believe are best for those countries that are in development while creating a situation that contributes to the continuation of a cycle of dependency (Manzo, 1999, p. 110). Ultimately neoliberalism has created a global regime that promotes dependency on the United States and allows them to decide what is best for countries that are still developing (Nederveen, 2004, p. 7). In the end, the fact that neoliberalism has many of the same contradictions that

The dominating capitalist ideology from superpowers has led to extreme inequalities between core and peripheral nations, which has resulted in an unstable relationship with the developing world. Neocolonialism is a geopolitical practice in which a superpower perpetuates its economic and political hegemony on underdeveloped nations. This indirect and ‘disguised’ Imperialism has continued in variable degrees between colonial powers and peripheral regions including Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America.

Theorists have argued that some poor nations are held back due to political corruption, religion and a culture of poverty. According to the conflict approach, poor nations, are poor because of unequal relations with powerful nations and not because they lack resources. The economic and political systems of the powerful nations dominate and exploit the weaker ones in trade and other relations while preventing them from becoming dependent. Reader pg. 271 on global stratification, suggest that in the future power and influence will only grow. Technological advancements are playing a role in creation and reinforcing of the global economies.

Over the past several decades, the adoption of neoliberalism in the global economy has created instability within developing countries while first nations benefit from this organizing principle. Neoliberalism is defined as the practice of “freeing” the market through deregulation and limited government intervention (Smith). National and international governments implement neoliberal policies, often have underlying detrimental effects in the long run. Regulations enforced by international and intergovernmental organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) allow for the privatization of markets to occur, keeping third world countries less economically developed. Neoliberal policies reinforce unequal power relationships among developed and developing countries that have been in existence since colonialism. Governments use economic mechanisms such as land reform, multilateral trade agreements, and structural adjustment programs (SAPs), which benefit the global elite. These unequal power relationships came from a legacy of colonial power throughout Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, driven by the extraction of wealth and control of resources.

In my opinion, I will say that the international order can be seen as a means to sort of push developing countries into improving their country’s economy, by increasing their GDP. No country wants to have other countries be really superior to them, so I believe in order for them to try and keep up with the developed countries.

Ever since organizations and agreements like the North American Free Trade (NAFTA) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were created around the end of World War 2 to supposedly help the Third World nations to establish better economies and governments, they have only done more harm than good for these nations. These third world countries end up becoming exploited and extorted, forced to become dependent on the big international organizations like the IMF because of the exorbitant interest rates charged on them, thus they remain forever in debt. The accumulation of debt then allows the IMF to have more voice over how the indebted countries should be shaped and how they should run their economy. What ends up happening then is that their

Globalization is a quickly developing incorporation of economies and societies around the globe, leading to rising connectivity, combination and interdependence in the social, technological, economical, and political spheres. It is comprised of growing mobility of products, services, capital, labor and technology. Primary forces spearheading globalization are the loosening of markets

Globalization can best be defined as the shrinking of our world. As technology advances the gaps between Countries is closed, and our society as a whole becomes more integrated. Globalization is something that has been occurring for thousands of years, with one early example of Globalization being the use of the Silk Road, which connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. Globalization can offer businesses many was to increase business, while at the same time threatening them (Globalization101.org, 2014).

The world system theory created by Immanuel Wallerstein suggests that wealthy countries benefit from other countries and exploit their resources and citizens. This model recognizes the minimal benefits that are enjoyed by citizens of low status, as well as the maximal benefits enjoyed by citizens of high status. This suggests that a country’s economic development is based off the capitalist world system. Wallerstein believes the capitalist world-economy is based on the creation of surplus appropriation through the expansion of productivity. As a result, this benefits the elite by increasing profits. “The capitalist world-system is based on a two-fold division of labor in which different classes and status groups are given differential access to resources within nation states; and the different nation states are given differential access to goods and services on the world market.” (Elwell 2013) Both of these markets are distorted by power.

First and foremost, what is globalization? When many countries allow free trade it opens a new way for international trade which leads to globalization. The term globalization is the increase in global relationships, culture, people and economic

Globalization refers to the interconnection among countries, politically, economically and culturally. Globalization has come into existence due to the following factors: (i) betterment in transportation and communication, (ii) human and capital mobility, (iii) increasing formation and existence of NGOs and multinational corporations.

Globalization is a term to describe the increasing wave of globalized markets and the institutions and regimes that uniformly determine access to such markets; namely privatization, free flow of capital, deregulation and foreign investment rights.