Application And Mechanism Of Organic Photovoltaics Essay

The highly conjugated system of the cyanine dyes makes it a very good compound in the development of more efficient solar cells. In this experiment, the maximum wavelength was measured for nine dyes using a UV-Vis spectrum. The result that were obtained agreed with Kuhn’s model for the less polarizable end groups such as 3,3 '-diethyloxadicarbocyanine and 3,3 '-diethyloxatricarbocyanine. That suggested that these two compounds were not as easy to polarize compared to the rest of the dyes. The rest of the dyes required the use of the empirical parameter α to provide more reliable predictions of the wavelengths. This was due to the highly polarized ends of the dyes which needed the adjustment of the parameter to get more accurate results. The series with the higher polarizable end groups’ absorbed higher wavelength light than the less polarized groups. This supported the idea of the one-dimensional box. Also, higher wavelength was determined to be associated with longer conjugated carbon methine chains between the Nitrogen atoms. Kuhn’s free electron model was very reliable for this system.

Solar power, or photovoltaics use light as a source of electricity. The photoelectric effect, discovered by Edmund Bequerel in 1839, shows that some materials have the ability to release electric current when subjected to light. Solar cells consist of semi conductors that are specially treated to create

Solar cells operate by the photoelectric effect, in which incoming sunlight excites electrons within a semiconducting material like silicon to higher energy level, leading to the movement of free electrons, which eventually pass into an external circuit to maintain a flow of electricity (www.larouchepac.com).

of renewable energy, solar energy, which converts sun energy directly to usable energy such as

 Edmond Becquerel discovered that certain materials sparked when hit by sunlight in France in 1839. After further research by scientists Smith, Adams, and Day, it was discovered that this property, which is known as the photoelectric effect, could be manipulated to convert light into electricity. Thus, the first “photovoltaic cells”,

A solar photovoltaic system (PV) has been around for 174 years, the system was first discovered in 1839 by a French physicist Alexandre Edmund Becquerel. He discovered the effects of the system while testing with an electrolytic cell made up of two metal electrodes. Sense his findings PV system has revolutionized through the year by various scientists, inventors, and organization. Protovolactic system developed and become a much desired in the 1980, the system was commonly used and found in calculators, wristwatches, radios, and other various electronic gadgets. (Sunlight Electric, 2013)

There are many resources that can be used to provide energy for life on earth. Some of those resources are better than others in terms of their environmental effect. An example of one of these “better” resources is the photovoltaic cell. A photovoltaic cell or solar cell converts light energy into electricity. This electricity in turn, can be used to power many aspects of human life such as; turning on lights or a television, charging a phone or driving a car. Photovoltaic cells also involve a great deal of chemistry from how they convert light energy to chemical energy, down to its own structural components. The basic process of energy conversion involves a semiconductor cell made of Silicon interacting with photons and

In this report I will be investigating into photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells, and “solar battery” (in early days). I will look at the purpose of them, the technologies in which they are being used, how they work and how they are used based on the actual examples. The other parts of the report will show the example of how they are used in the existing building and what function they have in it. I will also be looking at the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cell technologies and compare it to alternative technologies available on market that can be used, taking in consideration the aspects of both technologies. At the end of the report I will also look at the sustainable issues as well as the cost issues that come along with using this method in small and large buildings. I will look forward to generally summarize the use of photovoltaic cells and their aspects within the buildings.

The experiments analyzed found that solar panels using the concepts analyzed converted no more than 5% of absorbed energy into electricity. The tested organic cell film had 1.5-2% ef-ficiency, though organic cells are inefficient but cheap anyway. Carbon cells were estimated to have no more than 5% efficiency. Experimental data found cells sensitized with dye and TiO2 achieve 4-4.5% efficiency if constructed correctly. Each US square meter gets about 1-2 thou-sand kilowatt-hours sunlight per year, which means the maximum power from a solar panel is about 110 kilowatt-hours per square meter per year. Since

But challenges to make organic materials conducting have already been under way and some success in this direction has been achieved [1]. The charge transfer complex Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) – Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) which has been studied in detail [2] can be regarded as the prototype of conducting organic salts. Recently a compound based on a TCNQ-salt has been used as a solid electrolyte in capacitors [3]. But the lack of reasonable mechanical properties has prevented the widespread applications of these materials. It was a breakthrough, therefore, when Shirakawa found in 1971 that acetylene can be polymerized to give a free standing film with promising mechanical properties [4] and when, somewhat later, MacDiarmid and Heeger [5] showed that polyacetylene becomes conducting by exposing it to oxidizing agents like iodine or arsenpentafluoride (AsF5) and its conductivity can be increased by 13 orders. These findings initiated a lot of fundamental investigations, and gave rise to the development of a new class of materials, which combine the typical properties of plastics with electrical conductivity of metals. In recognition of this pathbreaking discovery Shirakawa, MacDiarmid, and Heeger were jointly awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in

Solar energy is one of the common renewable energy sources. Solar panels are used to convert the heat energy from sunlight to electrical current. When the sunlight is absorbed by a solar panel, the electrons on the solar panel get excited and move to the next energy level (Figure 1). Such movements among the electrons generate currents to produce electrical energy. A solar panel can be made with either silicon or copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS). Silicon can convert a large amount of the solar energy to electrical energy because of their large crystalline structures. However, it is very expensive. On the other hand, CIGS has a cheaper cost and smaller crystalline structures in comparison to silicon. Most solar panels are made with CIGS because it is cost effective for frequent use (NYU SOE 2017). An advantage of a solar panel is sunlight is always available without a cost. Modern residential solar panels require a low maintenance fee. A disadvantage of solar panel is the initial set up cost is high.

Kumada catalyst-transfer polycondensation (KCTP) is a new but rapidly developing method with great potential for the preparation of well-defined conjugated polymers (CPs). At present, the KCTP method has been commonly used to prepare alkyl substituted CPs. However, the alkyl substituted CPs have been more widely used in areas including organic photovoltaic 's, organic field effect transistors, and organic light-emitting

One of the most innovative and interesting ideas in renewable energy to hit the streets in recent years, happens to actually be the streets! I’m talking about roadways with integrated photovoltaic panels that generate electricity! The basic concept of this technology is actually quite interesting. With over 2.5 million miles of paved roadway throughout the United States alone, even covering a fraction of those roadway surfaces with solar panels could generate enormous amounts of clean energy.

I express my deep gratitude to Prof. Parameshwar Krishnan Iyer for introducing me to the field of organic electronics. I thank him for his guidance and inspiration and for the ideas and suggestion he gave which motivated me to pursue

Large solar plants occupy a vast area of land and threaten wildlife because one square kilometer is needed to produce 40 megawatts of energy from solar power.4 British scientists are attempting to improve the effectiveness of photovoltaic cells by utilizing “copper indium diselenide and cadmium telluride to find an affordable and more sustainable way to make solar panels to convert light energy into electricity.”5