Application Protocols For Vehicular Adhoc Networks

MANETs (Mobile ad-hoc network) is defined as autonomous collection of wireless mobile nodes that are self-configure to construct a network that can communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links.

The idea of an ad hoc network is often unfamiliar to end users who have only seen small residential or business networks that use a typical router to send wireless signals to individual computers. However, the ad hoc network is being used quite a bit in new types of wireless engineering, although

The objectives of vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications are to avoid the vehicle crashes, to examine the technological issues that may affect this short range communications, characterise the communication needs of particular vehicle security applications, to monitor the vehicles that breaches the law etc.

MANET comprises of portable stages (e.g.: a switch with various hosts and remote specialized gadgets) in this essentially alluded to as "hubs" which are allowed to move about subjectively the hubs may be situated in or on planes, boats, trucks, autos, maybe even on individuals or little gadgets, and there may be numerous hosts per switch. A MANET is a self-sufficient arrangement of versatile hubs. The framework may work in separation, or may have doors to and interface with an altered system.

After a discussion of the challenges in planning a secure protocol and therefore the attacks, successive section discusses many secure routing protocols for ad hoc networks. [20]

Information Disclosure. It is essential to protect any condential information exchange during the communica-tion process. Also any unauthorized access too the critical data stored on nodes must bepossible. In ad hoc networks, such information may contain anything, e.g., the specific status details of a node, the location of nodes, private keys or secret keys, passwords, and so on. The control data are more critical for security than the trac data. Forinstance, the routing directives in packet headers such as the identity or location of thenodes can be more valuable than the application-level messages.Confidential or importantinformation may be leaked to unauthorized nodes present in the network by compromised node. Such information may contain information regarding geographic location of nodesor optimal routes to authorized nodes in the network,the network topology.Routing AttacksThere are several attacks which can be mounted on the routing protocols and mayinterrupt the proper operation of the network. Brief descriptions of such attacks aregiven below:1. Routing Table Over

Ad hoc networks consist of a set of self-organized of mobile nodes which cooperate using a routing protocol to facilitate the communication. They have become very popular in recent years due to their characteristics: easy deployment, lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, mobility and minimum commissioning costs.

Vehicular networks consist of in-vehicle networks and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The in-vehicle network consists of several Electronic Control Units (ECUs) connected to each other using different communication protocols like Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), etc. [3]. The in-vehicle network helps in implementing applications like climate control, engine management, transmission etc. VANETs include vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication; the combination of which enables in making driving safer and better.

An important issue for mobile ad hoc network is the routing protocol design. Due to frequent changes in the topology of the network this becomes a major technical challenge. Node failures and link breakages in the network may cause loss of the network resources. In signal strength based AODV, protocol measures signal strength between nodes and compare with RSSI threshold values. If it is greater than threshold value then it is accepted for further processing otherwise it is discarded. If it will not find any route between source and destination then it will switch to normal AODV which selects route on the basis of minimum hop count. The benefit of this scheme is by selecting a strong route to the destination we can increase the lifetime of the network.

The principle consists of initialising the minimum (Trmin) and maximum transmission (Trmax) rate. Based on the IEEE802.11p, all mobiles involved in the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) are synchronised and will switch from Service Channel (SCH) to Control Channel (CCH) every sync period as depicted in Fig.1. A sync period is 100 ms which correspond to a switching frequency of 10 Hz.

A Mobile Ad Hoc network is receiving attention due to several salient characteristics such as:

Vehicular Ad-hoc networks are used in order to improve the Traffic Efficiency and road side safety.

In the recent time, there will be an increasing need to provide application platforms such as internet deployment for areas without infrastructure, wireless video streaming between moving objects, data exchange between office equipment etc. These applications can be solved with the help of wireless ad hoc networks that can be realized e.g., with Wi-Fi protocols. The question arises, what theoretical throughput different wireless standards can achieve, and how much the throughput will decrease when data has to be transferred over several hops. This is a technology that enables un tethered wireless networking environments where there is no wired or cellular infrastructure. Wireless Ad hoc Networks since then is a fast developing research area with a vast spectrum of applications. Wireless sensor network systems enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) attached in a dynamic manner and it is an assembly of wireless mobile nodes. Without any fixed infrastructure nodes making a temporary network where all nodes are arbitrarily free to move. In the network nodes are act as routers, which take part in finding and maintenance of routes to other nodes [1]. Wireless connection in MANET is highly misplay and due to mobility of nodes it goes down usually. Due to highly dynamic environment coherent routing is a very difficult task in Mobile Ad-hoc Network [2].

Internet usage has skyrocketed in the last decade, propelled by web and multimedia applications. While the predominant way to access the Internet is still cable or fiber, an increasing number of users now demand mobile, ubiquitous access whether they are at home at work or on the move. For instance, they want to compare prices on the web while shopping at the local department store, access Internet “navigation” aids from their car, read e-mail while riding a bus or hold a project review while at the local coffee shop or in the airport lounge. The concept of wireless, mobile Internet is not new. When the packet switching technology, the fabric of the Internet, was introduced with the ARPANET in 1969, the Department of Defense immediately understood the potential of a packet switched radio technology to interconnect mobile nodes in the battlefield. Consequently, the ad hoc protocols must self-configure to adjust to environment, traffic and mission changes. What emerges from these characteristics if the vision of an extremely flexible, malleable and yet robust and formidable network architecture. Because of its mobile, non-infrastructure nature, the ad hoc network poses new design requirements. The first is self-configuration (of addresses and routing) in the expression of mobility. At the function level, ad hoc network users typically communicate and collaborate as teams. These applications thus require efficient group