Approach to Cancer Care Essay

(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel

N2a – there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the arm pit, which are stuck to each other and to

Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as the title given to a group of related diseases. All types of cancer are categorized by uncontrollable growth of cells that metastasize to surrounding tissues. Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. ?Typically, human cells tend to grow and divide and ultimately form new cells as the body needs them. When an organisms cells grow old or get damaged, the cells die, and new ones replace them. However when cancer develops, this orderly process gets reformatted. As cells increasingly get more irregular, old or damaged cells begin to survive when they should die, and new cells develop in the body when there is no need for them. These abnormal cells have the ability to divide without stopping and tend to result in growths called tumors?(cancer.gov). Cancerous tumors are defined as malignant meaning that they can spread to nearby tissues or metastasize to distant places in places within the body and form new cancerous tumors. There are over 100 forms of cancer and they are usually named after the organs or tissues where the cancers originate. Staging of cancer is used when describing the severity of a person?s cancer and is based upon the following

The staging is used to determine treatment; if a mole appears to get bigger particularly, and it has irregular edge it may be a sign of melanoma.

TNM system is based on the size of the tumor (T), whether lymph nodes are involved (N) and whether the tumor has metastasized (M) and spread to another part of the body(Dighe et al., 2015). TNM system can classify the cancer into 5 stages ranging from Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or (LCIS) up to Stage IV where cancer has already metastasized to other organs(Moussa and Yones 2015). Larger size, nodal spread and metastasis lead to larger stage number and worse prognosis(Dighe et al.,

The level of lymph node indecent, ulceration and whether the tumor spread they are three primary characteristics of stage III. There are three subclasses of stage III tumor is IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. According to skin cancer foundation “Melanoma advances to sages III or beyond, an important change has occurred”. The tumor of stage III is spread to the lymph nodes when the tumor up to be in the next stage is IV. According to cancer. net “stage IV, the melanoma has traveled beyond the regional lymph nodes to more distant areas of the body”. There are three primary characteristics is the size and number tumor, elevated LDH levels and location of distant

Early melanomas (stages 0 and l) are localized; stage 0 tumors are in situ, meaning that they are noninvasive and have not penetrated below the surface of the skin, while stage l tumors have invaded the skin but are small, nonulcerated, and are growing at a slow mitotic rate. Stage ll tumors, though localized, are larger (generally over 1 mm thick) and/or may be ulcerated or have a mitotic rate of greater than 1/mm2; they are considered intermediate melanomas. More

They are known as Stage 0, Stage l, Stage ll, Stage lll and Stage lV. The TNM system is used to identify these different stages. The T (tumor), identifies the original tumor and its size. The N (Lymph Node), is used to show if the cancer has entered the lymph nodes or not. The M (Metastasis), indicates if the cancer can spread to other parts of the body. Stage 0 also called carcinoma in situ (CIS), in this where the cancer calls are still confined to the surface of the cervix. In stage l the cancer has grown deeper into the cervix. In Stage lA, the cancer can only be seen under a microscope and is less than 5mm deep and 7mm wide. Stage 1B measures more than 5mm and more than 7mm wide. In stage ll the cancer has grown past the cervix and is now in the uterus. Stage ll A, the cancer may have grown into the upper part of the vagina. In stage llB, the cancer has spread to nearby tissues, the parametria. In Stage lllA the cancer has spread to the lower part of the vagina. Stage lllB, the cancer has spread into the walls of the pelvis. In stage IVA the cancer has spread to the rectum or bladder. Finally Stage lVB, the cancer has spread to other organs in the body (Cancercenters.com,

Stage 0 is the stage in which there is still no evidence of cancer cells destroying out of the part of the breast in which they initiated. Stage I is the stage where the tumor measures up to two centimeters and no lymph nodes are tangled. Stage II is where the tumor in the breast measures approximately two to five centimeters, or the cancer has been scattered out to the lymph nodes below the arm. Stage III is when the tumor is no more than two inches in diameter across and the cancer is wide-ranging in the underarm lymph nodes or has already spread out to it. Stage IV is the point in which the cancer has reached beyond the breast, underarm and internal mammary lymph nodes to varies part of one’s body. TNM staging system is what researchers use in detail to watch how the cancer behaves. T stands for tumor, N stands for nodes, and M stands for

There are many differences between benign and malignant tumors. In the growth rate the tumors in the malignant grows much rapidly than the benign tumors. Meanwhile some of the malignant aka the cancerous tumors grow very slowly. Depending on the benign tumors it will grow either rapidly or very slowly. In the tissue invasion the malignant tumors will intend to invade the nearby tissues In the benign tumors does not invade because it can damage the nearby organs by having pressure on them. Benign is a non-cancerous tumor and malignant is a type of cancer that can grow. In order for your doctor to know if the cancer is cancerous or not the doctor needs to run some tests. In the diagnosis section of the report you can find a section called the

Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)

across. Stage II. The tumor at this stage may have grown larger than 2 inches, or it may

The first part of the tumor staging system, as seen in Table 2, assesses that of the primary tumor itself by means of clinical breast exam and imaging studies and is represented by the letter “T” on the staging table. Mammogram is an essential part of assessing the primary tumor, however other modalities previously discussed including ultrasound and MRI is often essential (Esserman, 2013).

The characterization of abnormal cell proliferation and the cells ability to spread throughout the body in an uncontrollable manner is known as the phenomenon of cancer. Cancer is a collection of many diseases that can occur throughout any part of the body. These disease can fall under any of the following categories of cancer: carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphomas, and leukemia’s.

Staging will shows to what degree the tumour spread and how large it