Approach to Reduce Cathodic Voltage Losses

Voc (Open circuit voltage), Is the maximum possible voltage in the solar cell when no current is passing through. Isc (short circuit current), is the current when voltage is zero. This short circuit current is found when the impedance is low, it is the maximum value for current that can be found when the voltage remains zero. Vmp and Imp is the voltage and current that are found at their respected maximum power point. Maximum power is the power value that can be found to be at its maximum, usually found between the values of Vmp and Imp. Power out is the power produced by the solar cell as a result of its voltage and current. The power out is determined by calculation, its value is determined using the of maximum voltage and current (Voc and Isc), this along with the formula P = IV (Power (P) = current (I) x voltage (V).

The PV module has been designed by considering the irradiance, temperature and number of PV cells connected in series and parallel. Figure 5.1 shows the simulink model of solar system. Here only function file used to show the solar system, the program code is given in the appendix. Here we are using a battery. The system is generated 240volt and current is 2.9 A.

This cell uses bacteria like Shewanella oneidensis and Rhodoferax ferrireducens and many labs are attempting to find better strains of bacteria more suited to the process (3). This fuel cells work in two parts. Basically, the microbial fuel cell has two halves, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic means with presence of oxygen, anaerobic means a lack of oxygen. When bacteria consume their “food” in aerobic conditions they produce carbon dioxide and water, however when it’s in an anaerobic condition they produce carbon dioxide, electrons and protons. The MFC has the bacteria put in the anaerobic chamber of the cell and decompose water material that contain glucose and/or acetate. The bacteria also free hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons flow from an anode into the cathode. The hydrogen ions however just pass through the barrier; soon the electrons and hydrogen ions are in the aerobic chamber and combine with the oxygen forming h2o. The H2O is released and electrical energy is produced from the transfer off the energy between the Anode and Cathode (or Anaerobic and Aerobic chambers).

This webpage tells in great detail about the way solar power works. It talks about the protons being turned into energy. It talks about the size of the PV system. It describes how to maintain the solar panels to keep them going

In the contexts of history and research, interest in heterogeneous photocatalysis can be traced back to many decades when Fujishima and Honda discovered in 1972 the photochemical splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of TiO2 From this time, extensive research, much of it published, has been carried out to produce hydrogen from water in oxidation reduction reactions using a variety of semiconductor catalyst materials. With respect to a semiconductor oxide such asWO3, photocatalytic reactions are initiated by the absorption of illumination with energy equal to or greater than the band gap of the semiconductor. This produces electron-hole (e−/h+) pairs as in Equation (1.14), Figure

Photocatalysis is one of the clean and renewable technologies, utilizes naturally enormous abundant, clean and safe solar power. The cheap solar energy harnessing is one of the most exciting features to gain significant attention toward photocatalysis direction. Titanium oxide-based photocatalyst has shown considerable interest since the discovery because of the excellent properties such as chemical and photostability, eco-friendly nature and high catalytic reactivity.2,3 TiO2 photocatalysts have been widely engaged in various photocatalytic applications such as water and air cleaning, self-cleaning and anti-fogging TiO2 coated glasses, tiles, and shelters. TiO2 only generates electron-hole pairs under UV light, which are responsible for the photocatalytic reaction. There are numerous investigations have been done to alter the TiO2 structures to absorb visible lights. The strategy includes adding noble metals4, cations5, non-metals6, and metal oxides7 through various methods such as sol-gel8, physical ion-implantation methods,

One type of FCs is microbial fuel cell (MFC) that uses an active microorganism as a biocatalyst in an anaerobic anode compartment for production of bioelectricity. Although electrical current produced by bacteria was observed by Potter in 1911, more useful functions were developed during the next 50 years. finally, in the first of 1990s, MFC known as a promising technology to achieve energy and teat

A pigment molecule absorbs a photon light and passes energy through a light-harvesting complex to P680 pair of chlorophyll a molecules in PS II reaction center complex

Introduction: The tradition solar cells have many faults and are dangerous to the environment. The TSC gives out a lot of pollution through its waste such as silicon tetrachloride. Also, when the reactors need to be cleaned several harmful greenhouse gases are used. The eye sensitized solar cells that are being designed in this lab are much cleaner for the environment. No waste is produced and no harmful gases are need to clean them.

In abiotic cathode chambers, either permanganate or ferricyanide is commonly used as a chemical agent[15]. Cao et al has reported microbial desalination cell is able to remove 90% salt using ferricyanice catholyte[10]. Microbial desalination cell using platinum (Pt) as catalysts in cathode also shows a high efficiency[16, 17]. However, the cathodes used in previous research, such as those with ferricyanide catholyte, are not a sustainable technology in spite of their positive effects on energy production[18]. Other MDCs, such as the air cathode with Pt catalysts, are too expensive to consider for implementation on a broad scale. On the other hand, oxygen is the most popular terminal electron acceptor for the cathode reaction in MFCs because of its high redox potential and relatively low supply cost. One of the main drawbacks of this type of biocathode is the crossover of oxygen from the cathodic to the anodic chamber in MFCs, which promotes the loss of electrons and the activity of a biofilm on the anode electrode. However, this drawback may be eliminated with a desalination chamber between the anode and cathode

Changed by diluting the 1 mol L-1 (Zn2+ and Cu2+) solution supplied with distilled water, while keeping a constant volume.

Solar cell or photovoltaic (PV) systems usually transformed energy from the sun in to electric current. It can be measured in terms of ‘‘conversion efficiency’’, the proportion of solar energy transformed to electricity. (Henderson, Conkling, & Roberts, 2007) Sunpower primarily focused on the production of solar cell. But by moving in to wafer manufacturing it soon incorporated in to manufacturing of solar power module units. In general Sunpower manufacturing process needed approximately two times as many steps as the usual solar manufacturing process need and many of these steps were distinctive to Sunpower. Sunpower has nearly 15 -20 established cell manufactures, a handful of silicon – based cell manufacturing upstarts and a number of thin film solar companies offering potentially unsettling technologies.

Until now, no one has reported the surface modification of alkaline titanate using transition metals grafting with enhanced photocatalytic under visible light source. The surface modification has done so far with noble metals, which are highly expensive and limits the possibility for practical applications. The surface modification with ubiquitous metals has gained much attention as they avoid the high cost noble metals. The grafting with transition metal nanocluster promotes the multi-electron reduction reaction of oxygen molecule and ultimately enhances the photocatalytic activity.

Beginning intro: Research and advancement of TiO2 nanowires have increased tremendously due to recent findings about its unique chemical and physical properties. Many new methods of synthesizing TiO2 nanowires have been created and improved. Specifically, three growth methods are reviewed in this survey: (1) sol-gel method (2) direct oxidation method (3) hydrothermal method. Three applications of TiO2 nanowires are touched in this survey: (1) photocatalytic (2) gas sensing (3) dye-sensitized solar cell.

Here, a simple Physical method is developed for the synthesis of Cu doped ZnO nanorods, and their photocatalytic activities with different