Approaches to Government Control on Expenditure

Section 51 (xxix) of the Constitution of Australia grants exclusive power to the Commonwealth to legislate with regard to external affairs. Since its inception, through the development of case law, the external affairs power has been found to consist of three limbs:

Australia 's Federal System is dynamic and the division of lawmaking power between the Commonwealth and State since 1901 has changed dramatically; Critically discuss, focussing on the major reasons for those changes.

The federal budget is an annual plan created by the president of the United States that sets a certain amount of money to fund different federal expenses such as national defense, transportation, and income security, in fact; the federal expenses are divided into two categories, mandatory and discretionary spending. Mandatory spending is any expenditure that is required by legislation in which Medicare and Social Security are the main funded programs. In addition, discretionary spending is spending not mandatory but decided by congress based on appropriations in which it funds education, agriculture,and administration of justice, just to name a few. The federal budget is created using the constitution’s preamble as a guideline in order for

The distribution of federal government spending is interesting and questionable, “In fiscal year 2015, the federal budget is $3.8 trillion. These trillions of dollars make up about 21 percent of the U.S. economy (as measured by Gross Domestic Product, or GDP). It's also about $12,000 for every woman, man and child in the United States.” (@natpriorities). The question remains, where does all the money go?

Spending power is the power of the federal governments to use or spend their resources in any area, even in areas of provincial jurisdiction in which conditions for provinces to follow can be applied. The spending power of the federal government can be seen as an invasive but necessary step to achieving policy goals and national ambitions without imposing a severe financial burden on the provinces, this allows Canada to be viewed as a “textbook best-practice system of fiscal federalism” (Ouiment, 2014).

The framers of the Australian Constitution designed a federal system of government that combined two fundamentally contrasting political concepts, responsible government drawn from the Westminster system, and federalism adopted from the American model of government. The framers objective to protect the independence of the former Australian British colonies after federation is evident in the records of the National Australasian Convention Debates (1891), and the Constitutional Assemblies held during the 1890’s (Evans 2010, pp. 14-16; Galligan 2001, p. 7; Olds 2015, p. 243). As a result, the Constitution implemented a federal system that comprised of two separate spheres; State government and Commonwealth government, and a bicameral parliament

His Honour reasons that if the Commonwealth’s argument was upheld, there would be a drastic encroachment onto many areas of state law making power. Such areas could include healthcare and education, as many of these areas are becoming, if not already incorporated. This contention seems logical. There are very few areas of law that have not been incorporated in some manner already, and with state governments often outsourcing or privatising to fund projects, there would be almost limitless scope to the commonwealth’s law making abilities under the corporations power. Additionally, with the High Court’s broad interpretation to the meaning of “trading corporation” in s.51(xx) by using the “object of command” test , it would be very easy for the federal parliament to further extend its

A great deal of these problems are structural: that Australia is over-governed; that the roles and responsibilities of Commonwealth and State governments are not clearly delineated and that the 19th Century constitutional division of powers is not capable of meeting the challenges presented by increasing globalisation, international economic competition and rapid advances in technology and communication. From a different perspective the problem lies in the manner of federalism’s practical operation in the failure of existing intergovernmental institutions to facilitate effective cooperation between governments such that in some areas there is too much centralisation and in other areas not enough; in unnecessary overlapping, duplicative and inconsistent regulation in a federation characterised by rancour, disagreement, blame shifting and a lack of accountability and finally a significant vertical fiscal imbalance and an increased centralisation of

The government is trying to cut down on their government spending by changing the way they do the census. As of now, they are spending 17 billion dollars on the preparation and the actual census. With their new plan, they plan to save 5 billion dollars. They are experimenting in L.A. right now. The plan is to send several notices to the citizens that tells them to go online and ask them questions about the owner and the amount of people living in each home. However, Blumerman, the director of the decennial census, expects 60,000 out of 225,000 homes not to respond. These homes will get a worker from the census sent to them. In order to save money, the workers will use an iPad to get rid of the costs of paper. The iPad is also a benefit because

In recent years, Government spending has started to come under more scrutiny and become a highly debated topic for good reason. Current Government spending

This research essay will evaluate and judge certain parts of the 2003-2004 budget put forward by Treasurer Peter Costello and the Howard Government on Tuesday the 13th of May. It is my opinion that the budget has not been equitable in some areas of fund distribution. The budget will be assessed on the three following criteria.

Deficit spending generates the creation of wealth transfers from future taxpayers to future government shareholders. In the near future our children and future generations will have a portion of their personal earned incomes moved through higher tax rates compared to those who carry Treasury notes. Government debt causes our children to loose more rights and freedom. Deficit spending is very underhanded because it causes people o believe they are gaining something for nothing. In actuality, their personal wealth is reduced and gives the illusion that their money was covered by taxation. Information involving the overall cost is not even stated in the tax bill itself. Politicians tend to support deficit spending because it rewards special-interest groups and enlarges the state’s control of its private sector (Gwartney et al. 110). Without proper laws and restraints, legislators will drive up budget deficits and spend funds excessively (Gwartney et al. 110). When the government’s allocation of money exceeds its total revenue, a budget deficit occurs.

However, it could be argued that because the Commonwealth is already able to legislate in almost every area of law it sees fit, with the use of the external affairs power and the grants power , it seems futile to limit the Commonwealth in this case, because the encroachment on areas of state law-making power has been taking place for decades.

Ever since its inception, one of the High Court’s primary duties has been to interpret the Australian Constitution. There have been many methodologies used to do so and many schools of thought (have been adopted by different judges) in approximately the last hundred years, but so far there still isn’t one consistent and cohesive way of interpretation . In this essay three types of options or methodologies that have been more commonly used by High Court judges will be discussed. They include: literalism/legalism, originalism and progressivism. Other options that may be considered by the High Court will also be examined in this paper.

Government expenditure is a term used to describe money that a government spends. Expenditure occurs on every level of government, from local city councils to federal organizations. There are several different types of government expenditure, including the purchase and provision of goods and services, investments, and money transfer. Government spending can be on either for war or for the citizen’s wellbeing but the government handles it directly. The U.S. Federal Expenditure can be thought as the national budget for the country. It is the financial plan of the federal government to spend on government expenditures. The budget can be compared to regular citizens personal budgets in which they spend on things they need. The personal budget is based on how much you earn and the national budget is the same. Based on its income which comes from things like taxes and trade. The money generated from the country is used to help run the nation. With all of the income coming in the federal government uses it for things like fixing roads, paying the judges, to fight crime, and much more. With all of these factors that they have to include maintaining the nation is very costly and due to things like unexpected events occurring where the federal government needs to act also puts a strain on the spending. Usually this is when the nation goes into debt and has to