Essay on Arabic Stemming: Challenges and Techniques

Also, the use of truncation, the astrick, “*”, placed after the word allowed the capture of multiple endings. Furthermore, the utilization of the date range limiter of no greater than five years narrowed the search results for relevant yet current research articles.

While the vocabulary of Arabia prior to the introduction of Islam lacked significant medical terminology, the translation movement improved Arabic to the level of the Greeks by the middle of the ninth century (Pormann and Savage-Smith

There are many challenges that I am facing while searching data using the online Olivet library. I am using the Boolean operators, which are “used in electronic databases and other search engines to define the relationships between keywords or phrases” (Bui, 2014, p. 59).

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., telegraph, photograph, autograph).

As the Islamic empire spread so did their laws. They made Arabic the spoken language. So it was easier to communicate.

Arabic has become the language of both the Egyptian christian and muslim. The written for of the Arabic language has remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century. However, the written language has changed the modern forms of style, word sequence, and phraseology are simpler and more flexible than in classical Arabic and are often directly derivative of English or French.

To be considered Arab, you or your ancestors live or lived in the Arab world and speak Arabic. The “Arab world” is made up of 22 states and territories whom are part of the Arab League. However many people in these states do not consider themselves Arab, thus the Arabic language is the unifying factor among the Arabic people. A lot of the individuals who speak Arabic today are very diverse. There is a myriad of dialects of Arabic and over 150 million people speak it. Twenty-five countries consider Arabic an official language (even if few are fluent in it). They vary from African to West Asian countries, however Arabs also live as minorities in many other nations. For example, the United States (Banks, 2009).

Text Retrieval and techniques are modified by many commercial and many open sources in the domain of information retrieval. Text retrieval refers to the process of searching for texts, information within collections, or metadata about documents. It is assigned to answer for relevant documents, not just simple matches to patterns. When considering indexing and searching applications, users may find and consider among many products available on the market. Mainly, the products can be grouped into two categories. The first of these categories are information retrieval libraries that can be easily developed and embedded into application. The second consists of ready to apply indexing and searching applications that are basically designed to work with particular types of data, and are therefore less flexible (Molková 2011). Some of the famous libraries cover text retrieval topic are introduced in next section.

Overall, the Arabic Language contains one standard version of the language and around 12 main different dialects. The Standard version of the Language is known as Modern Standard Arabic or MSA for short. This form of Arabic is what is taught in schools and known as the “Written” form of Arabic (Callison-Burch et al. 2). Having this standard form of Arabic is a way for everyone who speaks it to be able to understand and communicate with one another. This helps show another great

Arabic Calligraphy is based upon the development of the Arabic alphabet and is intimately tied to the history of Islam and the writings of the Qur’an. The word calligraphy, is defined as ‘beautiful writing” and is considered to be one of the most noble artistic expressions in the Islamic world. Arabic Calligraphy has become an integral part of Islamic culture mainly because Islam by nature is aniconic, which discourages the artistic representation of animals and human beings. As a result of this, the art of Islamic culture gravitated towards the art of calligraphy.

This are derived from the study on lexical occurrences in authentic linguistic corpora. According to their studies, each individual word has their own set of patterns assigned to it, which describe the context in which they are typically used. Not just that, every word can also have more than one pattern, according to their word senses.

According to George Yule, morphology means '' The study of forms. It investigates basic forms in

TAGARAB was developed by (Maloney and Niv 1998) using the NetOwl pattern matching engine. Their system contains two modules, a morphological analyzer and a name finder, which uses morphological features along with word list and pattern rules. Their system accuracy reached F1 85%. Their system was highly affected by the removal of the morphological features, yielding F1 75%.

The natural language query is sent to NL Processing engine where it is processed and is converted to DL query. Stop words are stripped off the queries. NL-DL query convertor comprise of several natural language processing tools such as the Stanford Parser for creating the parse tree while WordNet can be utilized to account for syntactic variability by finding synonymous words. The query processor’s task is providing the user with the best answer to the question from the ontology. High level architecture of the model is shown in figure 1.

Word borrowing is a common linguistic phenomenon. However, there is no denying the fact that for most lexical borrowing a socio-cultural and linguistic interaction between two or more linguistic communities is essential. The contact with Arabs and Islamic culture had exercised an immense impact on the socio-cultural life of the Muslims in Indian subcontinent. The interaction of Muslim army: Arabs, Iranian, Turks, Afghans resulted into arrival in the Indian Territory which later became the basis for an emergence of a language like Urdu that etymologically means an ‘army’. The political, social, and religious events over these centuries had not only affected Urdu speakers but also had a recognizable effect of their language culture. The socio-cultural contact between the Muslim soldiers speaking different languages including Arabic and the local population of the Indian sub-continent resulted in the development of Urdu. The Urdu language of today reflects the growth and development over the past few centuries. Consequent upon this sustained contact between the languages of the soldiers and the dialects spoken by the local population, the process of linguistic amalgamation started. Lexical borrowings into the Urdu vocabulary may be considered as the outcome of the socio-cultural impact of Arabic and Persian on various groups of people of the Indian sub-continent and their culture. The presence of groups of lexical borrowings from different languages