Archaeological Evidence Analysis

The importance of this discovery is that Narrabeen man could be the oldest example of ritual spearing in Australia. Back artefacts have been found a lot in archaeological digs, but archaeologists have never been able to figure out what they were used for in battles, until the discovery of Narrabeen man. The back artefacts were used to kill and harm Aboriginals for

In January 2005, construction workers discovered a pile of bones whilst digging a gas pipeline in Sydney. Initially, they believed the bones to be the result of a recent murder and were shocked to find out they were the remains of a 4,000 year old Aboriginal man. Narrabeen man probably lived close to the ocean for most of his life, we know this because an analysis of his bones showed that ate mostly fish, seaweed and shellfish. Using the lengths of the remaining bones, Dr.Donlon came to the conclusion that he was 183cm tall. This was considered unusually tall for a man of his time (average height being 170cm). His front two teeth hadn't been removed during what scientists believed to be a traditional ritual that was performed in the Sydney

In “Steel Axes for Stone-Age Australians,” Sharp discusses the importance and function of the stone axe in the traditional Yir Yoront culture in terms of technology, conduct, and belief. Sharp then analyzes how the introduction of the steel axe, through contact with various Europeans, has undermined the stone axe and has thus drastically affected the Yir Yoront culture. Ultimately, the author believes that the introduction and the success of the steel axe in this aboriginal culture has served as a destructive force and has resulted in the inevitable collapse of the traditional culture and in the construction of a new culture through the incorporation of certain European values.

New South Wales West locates one of the greatest archaeological sites in Australia’s history, that is, Lake Mungo.

Kangaroo Point Cliffs are one of the most iconic places that highlight Brisbane city’s history along with the Brisbane City Hall and Story Bridge. These cliffs were known by Aborigines even before European settlers arrived in Brisbane. The development around the Kangaroo Point Cliff was started in the 1900s when roads were developed around the cliff. Today, the Kangaroo Point Cliff offers many adventurous activities such as rock climbing, kayaking on the Brisbane River, Segway tours, bike riding around the garden etc. The rocks found on these steep cliffs are known as the ‘Brisbane Tuff’. These unique pink and green stones were also used in building public buildings during the 1820s and 1830s. The very steep feature and gas holes on the cliff plays a significant role in identifying these cliffs a result of a volcanic eruption (Visit Brisbane, 2018). This essay analyses geological formation of Kangaroo Point cliff and the Brisbane tuff which the

Aboriginal Studies and Torres Strait Islander Studies include histories, cultures, values, beliefs, languages, lifestyles and roles of Aboriginal societies or Torres Strait Islander societies before and after invasion. This study of Torres Strait Islander people and Aboriginal people presents an accurate history of Australia.

The Narrabeen man body was discovered in North of Sydney, Octavia Street and Ocean street near a bus shelter. His body wasn’t well preserved because the sand was quite warm and also his body was under the sand for 4000 years.

A few hundred kilometres to the south-east of Broken Hill in Mungo National Park, the land’s eldest human remnants were found. Mungo National Park offers continuous 40,000 year record by Aboriginal people for the occupation of Australia.

The Naracoorte caves provides plenty of information about the history during the Pleistocene era. In terms of a scientific understanding, Palaeontologists have excavated and dated many of the fossils in Naracoorte Caves and have reconstructed the skeletons of a number of the megafauna that inhabited the area so many years ago. This gives them a better understanding of the evidence supporting Australia’s changing environment, climate and fauna and how each of these contributing factors have played a major role in the extinction of these megafauna's. With the reasons provided, the protection of the Naracoorte caves is essential as the caves holds many scientific evidence and fascinating values as well as Australia's record of

One of Australia’s oldest Aboriginal archaeological sites is Nauwalabila, which is in the Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory. The actual site is around 200 kilometers east of Darwin. There have been many discoveries at this site. Caves here show evidence that Aboriginal people as shelters. Archeologists have also found stone tools and ochre, which were found 3m below the ground. It is likely that the ochre was used for rock or body art.

Both Australian Fossil Mammal Site and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump are considered archeological sites which have unique challenges in comparison to other heritage sites. Conserving archaeological sites in urban environments includes two perspectives: the challenges of preserving archaeological sites in densely populated areas and the study of the evolution of the settlement itself. Both perspectives are essential in preserving the relationship between individual sites and the settlement as a whole.6 Conserving archaeological sites in urban environments, can be of large efforts. Australian Fossil Mammal Sites and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump on the other hand do not need to be concerned about this dilemma due to their large proximity to civilization. Also since the large distance from the sites to civilization these heritage site avoid another large challenge some heritage sites face. Having a heritage site close to highly populated area often need to deal with pollution, new constructions, upgrades for public works and intensive traffic.6 Another potential challenge all heritage sites face is lack of interest and funding. It is important to maintain stakeholders for each site to generate interest and provide funding for proper archeological site maintenance. The World Heritage Convention states the biggest challenge for historical sites is funding and technical assistance.9 One of the most important challenges is for future World Heritage cultural landscapes to be better used as a tool for regional development and poverty eradication.9 Maintenance is an important part of the Preservation process. Regular maintenance will preserve character defining elements and extend the service life of functional components.6 As the conservation challenges increase, as sites face the impact of global processes, UNESCO will have to rethink and reshape

The remains of a skeleton were located on Octavia St in Narrabeen in January 2005. Testing of the skeleton revealed that it was that of an Aboriginal man from 4000 years ago! 'Narrabeen Man', as he became known, had five small sharp bone points lodged in his spine as well as a head injury. Experts concluded that Narrabeen Man was not buried in a normal way but was probably murdered.

There is no right or wrong answer on how to create a mutualistic relationship between Indigenous communities and archaeologists. Archaeologists are different, as are Indigenous communities. Neither Indigenous archaeology nor community archaeology has all the answers. Every Indigenous community operates and thinks differently, and that is what makes them unique, just as every archaeologist doesn’t think or view the world the same. There is no real answer on how to create a mutualistic relationship between the two sides, there are only suggestions, which could improve the relationships. The tension between Indigenous communities and archaeologists, will always be there, it might not be prevalent, but it will always be in the back of everyone’s

Maritime archaeology has been established over the past two decades, and especially, Australian maritime archaeologists have played global leadership roles. This book, one of the Plenum Series in Underwater Archaeology, summarises significant maritime archaeological investigations and innovative approaches by Australian archaeologists and underwater cultural heritage managers. Staniforth and Nash composed this book with not only a rage of people who work in a variety of organizations in Australia, but also a diversity of views from different generations; however, as the editors remark, 11 people out of the 13 authors are male, the gender imbalance is an issue that maritime archaeologists should address.

Essay introduction approx. 200 words There has been much controversy and debate over the issue of frontier violence and conflict between colonial settlers and indigenous Australians during early colonisation of Australia. While some historians contend that the evidence of frontier violence and indigenous deaths has been overestimated, others argue that the figures are potentially under estimated. There is ample evidence to indicate violence and deaths did