Archaeology : The Field Of Archaeology

Trigger agrees that “...the native American evidence was strongly colored by a desire to please Europeans...historical records are stereotyped in various ways that must be understood before they can be used reliably as historical documents” (Trigger, 1991, p. 1196). Trigger’s thorough article provides clear, specific situations that occurred during European contact, and the position they were affected in. For example, Natives believed the Europeans were“...supernatural spirits...Europeans...offered...supernatural interpretation in terms of native religious concepts” (Trigger, 1991, p. 1200). This situation is related to the romantic behavior of the Indians as the Europeans were arriving into their land. A historiographical example which relates and agrees to Trigger’s argument is the novel, Native Americans: Opposing Viewpoints, because it provides several different viewpoints rather than favoring only the

Throughout human civilization, each unique civilization has its unique origins and the Native Americans are no exception. While the origins and history of many Asian and European countries are well known, the origins of Native Americans are not. Many theories exist about how the Native Americans’ ancestors arrived in North America but the widely accepted theory is the one I will discuss.

| |over 12,000 years and the beginning of the european intrusian which almost destroyed the Native American |

Throughout the course of history there have been numerous accounts regarding Native American and European interaction. From first contact to Indian removal, the interaction was somewhat of a roller coaster ride, leading from times of peace to mini wars and rebellions staged by the Native American tribes. The first part of this essay will briefly discuss the pre-Columbian Indian civilizations in North America and provide simple awareness of their cultures, while the second part of this essay will explore all major Native American contact leading up to, and through, the American Revolution while emphasizing the impact of Spanish, French, and English explorers and colonies on Native American culture and vice versa. The third, and final, part of this essay will explore Native American interaction after the American Revolution with emphasis on westward expansion and the Jacksonian Era leading into Indian removal. Furthermore, this essay will attempt to provide insight into aspects of Native American/European interaction that are often ignored such as: gender relations between European men and Native American women, slavery and captivity of native peoples, trade between Native Americans and European colonists, and the effects of religion on Native American tribes.

Due to the lack of transcribed history by the indigenous California Native American Indians on their own behalf, one must take into account the possibility for inaccuracy and unreliability of primary sources from immediately before and after the arrival of the European Settlers. There are several factors which contribute to the low value of primary sources. First, prior to first contact, the Indigenous People of America did not typically document their cultural heritage. Second, existing primary sources are written through translators which can lead to the value of the primary source to be only as reliable as the person performing the translating. Lastly, primary sources of indigenous people typically date to after European settlers began colonization, and the views of the primary source could have been influence by colonialization.

During the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the Europeans decided to embark on many journeys that would change their way of life forever. These journeys and the exchange of people, ideas, animals, food, and diseases between the two groups shaped history for the next five hundred years. When the Europeans arrived at this new-found land, they discovered what they considered to be an entirely new species of humans, the Native Americans. These two newly encountered groups of people had a few of the same characteristics and way of living, but overall the differences between them were extremely immense.

After rewatching Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark for the second time I view Indiana Jones as less of an archaeologist than I did the first time I watched it. In my first paper I stated that Indiana Jones was a combination of a grave digger and an archaeologist. Now after completing this course I see that he is even less of an archaeologist than I first depicted. The only ethical archaeology being conducted in this movie is done by the Nazi’s; not Indiana Jones. Beyond, getting historical accuracy of the time period correct this movie fails fails to paint a picture of what archaeology truly is. In turn, since my knowledge is far more comprehensive I have come to realize that the movie fails to showcase archaeology even more than I originally

-Archaeologists reconstructed the environment and studied artifacts from a specific time period to learn about people from that time.

Native American history before European contact is divided broadly into three major periods, the Paleo-Indian period, the Archaic period, and the Woodland period. Some scholars have found evidence that

Native Americans and the Frontier The Native Americans of today are descendents of the Mongoloid people who migrated from Asia into N. America somewhere in between 20 to 40,000 years ago. When the Europeans rediscovered N. America at the end of the 15th century, the Native Americans whom they discovered were particularly diverse in nature. They were diverse in terms of their religion, political organisation and their language. Aspects of the relationships between Colonists/Europeans and the Native Americans Co-habitation:

Archaeology is the most common way to learn about the existence of humans. Many cultures have left written records behind providing information about life for them. The records left behind often tells about wealth, religion, hierarchy, important dates, property ownership and etc. Those records are often written from one person prospective and may not be all true. Understanding the life of past cultures that have no written records is what make archeology important. Archeology gives a voice to the voiceless with the hope of discovering their story.

Native Americans, also known as Indians, have inhabited the United States for a great deal of time even before the Pre-Columbian Era,”spread southward throughout the Americas and possibly going as far south as the Antarctic peninsula.  This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000+ years ago, when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period”(Kennedy, Cohen & Bailey 2006, p. 6).  Countless numbers of different tribes and cultures roamed the lands of America from coast to coast; they are the true ancestors of the United States.  These Natives were known for their respect to the land and the people of the land, they thrived off of what mother nature had to offer, and they

The basic summary of events that went down in Native American history started first when the British sailed and first reached American lands in 1492. Even though the settler’s hadn’t started unlawfully stolen any land yet and banished the natives, the natives were still affected greatly by the new and unfamiliar

Native American culture although thought to be static for centuries until the arrival of Europeans it has been discovered to have been a much more diverse and changing culture. Their ancestors are thought to be those that migrated from Siberia around fifteen thousand years ago. Through the extinction of the largest mammals and effects from global warming bands diverted from larger game towards a more extensive spectrum of food sources. Over time after generations and generation the practice of Horticulture was beginning to evolve among Native Americans cultures. Around 1500 B.C. in the American southwest and midwest began cultivating maize and squash but for only small supplements. Around 300-1100 A.D. two complex cultures known as Hohkam

Early life in North America is divided into three eras. The first of North American settlers started to settle the lands fifteen to ten thousand years ago. These people came from Asia by crossing a now non-existent and bridge that was given the name,  Beringia. The settlers came to North America by following herds of woolly mammoths in order to hunt them for food and use their fur for clothing. These people that were once followed decided to split up and gather all around North America. These natives were called paleo-Indians. People in the Paleo-Indian era began to form various cultures and beliefs, and many different methods of surviving. During this time,  groups would follow their sources of food wherever they went and gathered natural