Archway Divided: A Case Study

Moving on to another aspect, anonymity and confidentiality is an essential component of research ethics. According to Boeije (2010), researchers must keep confidential the data collected as well as its sources. There is a great possibility that participants hurt in many ways if the information collected approach is insensitive. It is worth mentioning that participants do not always seek for anonymity since there are contributors who prefer to share their stories (Grinyer,

A number of key terms describe the system of ethical considerations that the modern research establishments have set up to protect the rights of research subjects. Voluntary participation and confidentiality are principles that demands that the respondents to be free from coercion in any way when participating in the research, protected in the raw data, and published

Informed consent gives the participant the choice of agreeing to part-take in the research whilst simultaneously encompasses the responsibility of the researcher to deliver all the information about the study, its purpose, results, harm, sponsors and the identity of the researchers to the potential participants (McLaughlin 2006, 64). However, several populations, such as children, person with intellectual or mental disabilities will face barriers in comprehending the given information (Wiles, Health, Crow & Charles, 2005; Campbell 1997, p.32). As NCRM manifested, from the field of psychology it has been demonstrated that different methods of information provision impacts the individuals understanding of the research (Wiles, Health, Crow & Charles, 2005). This is particularly a fundamental challenge with groups such as refugees as researchers need to be extra cautious when providing information so the implication of the research is understood. For example, in many instances refugees are shocked to find their stories in public domains through DVDs and magazine, displaying they were unable to understand the repercussions of a released DVD or media article despite giving informed consent (Pittaway, Bartolomei & Hugman 2010, p.233). Furthermore, researchers negotiate access to participants through a range of gatekeepers such as school, organisations and care settings who have no legal rights in the

Bell (2005) mentioned that ethical research involves acquiring informed consent of people to be interviewed, questioned, observed or taken materials from and reaching to an understanding of how the data will be used and analysis will be reported and published. In guiding the activities of researchers, Denscombe (2010) described three ethical; “protection of participants’ interest”, “avoiding deception or misinterpretation” and “informed consent of participants”.

Those who pursue social science research (documentary work) walk quite a fine ethical line. Works of all types- from film to research studies to photography and videography including daily news stories- are open to criticism for the versions of reality they produce for their audiences. Indeed, there exist academic and professional guidelines explicitly itemizing set standards of practice for various mediums, for example- broadcast news stories, magazine articles and documentary films. And although they may have been meticulously outlined, these standards simply cannot account for all who make up the intended viewer or readership. Described as the study of human interaction and how it functions in society, social science research possesses an ethical dilemma that exists in large part because of an unavoidable subjective nature that can never be fully separated from the undertaking. American author and child psychiatrist, Robert Coles, contends this notion in his book

I would protect the vulnerable population from being exploited in research by telling the population all the risks involved. In the FenFluramine Case, researcher’s targeted minority groups of blacks and hispanics where they used children between the ages of six and eleven to test if violent behavior could be predicted due to the fact that their older brothers had some form of criminal behavior. There were ethical and moral concerns pertaining to the case where they did not tell the mothers about possible side effects in the experiment. I believe the researchers were not promoting any good nor did not care about using the children as a science study without even worrying about any risks involved. They violated the children and the mother’s rights

which in turned evolved into the ?Common Rule? and now many fields have their own codified approach to ethics. Rules change as ethical conundrums within research were revealed to the entities that have sponsored the studies or exposed to the public causing an outcry for reform. Examples of bad social science research abound and once these studies are revealed to the academic community and public, generally speaking, changes within the social sciences are considered. According to Mauthner?s text, Ethics In Qualitative Research, many outstanding researches that violate or challenge ethical principles (2002). For instance, the ?Obedience to Authority? study was performed by Stanley Milgram in 1974 and consisted of participants willing to expose other actors within the study to physical harm via electrical shocks. Even though the screams from another room were faked to see how far a person would go in participating in harming other individuals, the participants in the study weren?t aware of the focus of the study and it created psychological harm to those administering simulated electrical shocks (Helm & Morelli. 1979, pg.

Therefore in order to address this key issue, the author proposes to breif students of the intended research aims at the beginning of a lecture and provide the benefits and potential harms of taking part in the study. Additionally, participants will also be informed of the right to withdraw from the study at anytime without prejudice or impact on their studies. As Dyson & Norrie (2013) recommends the explanation should be carried out in a simplistic way, so that participants can understand and ask questions, in order to provide informed consent. It is important to note as per the RCN (2011) guidelines, at no point will the researcher make the individuals feel pressured or coerced into taking part in this study. The next paragraph will now consider how this carrying out this research is relevent to

To avoid bias that can emerge from an armchair approach, anthropologists can conduct their own research through the ethnographic method and collect vital information through surveys and questionnaires themselves in the ethnographic method. Participant observation allows for in-depth immersion in the lives of the particular group to understand the meanings these people ascribe to their existence, allowing the anthropologist to see others from their point of view.

The type of observation that was employed in this ethnographic research was direct observation without intervention. This was employed so as to study how the subjects behave naturally and could not be controlled within a lab setting. As is explained within the contents of the report, it was important for the researcher to maintain covertness while studying the bouncers as revealing their identity would lead to a suspicious response from the bouncers which could escalate to violent altercations. It would be important for the ethnographer to be incorporated to the community being studied, this is important as it aids the observation process while maintaining the secrecy of the research. This method of observation was highly effective as it enabled

To begin, the authors introduce their topic by conceptualizing conventional forms of ethnography, including its use of a researcher as a participant-observer in an unknown culture, and practices like interviews, surveys, informants, and settings (Martey and Shiflett, 5). With these developed practices, the authors’ main argument is to show

It is essential to not only consider the participants as individuals but to think about the community in which they reside. Researchers can inadvertently harm a community through the research. Results of a report can stigmatize a specific group, bring harm to participants for cooperating, as well as other harms not intended. Therefore, consent of the participant may not be enough without taking into considerations what other harms may be

After a review of a plethora of different social experiments, it is apparent that in order to conduct an ethical, social research the study group would need to expose key details of the study. However, by doing so, the study group would compromise the results. Consequently, for Milgram to create a study that maintains an ethical stance he would need to invoke experiments that do not expose members to danger or harm ultimately alleviating the possibility of mental issues. Thank you for your time and input it is greatly

The use of human experiments in sociology is controversial for many reasons, mainly due to ethical concerns. Human experimentation, as done in the 1960s and earlier was highly unethical and at most times presented some form of danger to the test subjects. During that time and before the thirst for knowledge about human behavior superseded the concern for safety. Sociologists and researchers then would often subject the participants to harmful variables that had lasting physical or mental effects. Other times participants were not made fully aware of the experiment or the researcher's’ true motives. Many of these experiments violated basic human rights. For example, the study done Stanford University. Participants were subjected to unnecessary

Ethnographic research implies that researcher is obtaining the data by observing researched people in their common environment and with common circumstances (Silverman, 2010). It has been discovered that this style of research requires trustful relationships between researcher and the researched, especially when the ethnography is made in the closed settings and access to researcher is granted from the head. In analyzed study permission was acquired exactly in this way, and Russell described a large number of problems related to establishment of trust and balancing between two sides: teachers and students. Cassell and Symon (2004) argue that gathering information in case of no trust in ethnographic research might be difficult. To prove that they provide an example of Westley (1970) study. In this research the author experienced a large number of obstacles, such as unwillingness to give an interview during his fieldwork in police organization in USA.