Are Counselors Born or Made?

One of the few famous behaviourists was B.F. Skinner. He believed that with the right tools we can

Chapter 1 of Opening Skinners Box portrays the life and experiments of one B.F. Skinner. The way this one man researched and spent so many years of his life dedicated to his findings is not only crazy and committed, but encouraging, motivational, and stimulating. Skinner was a neo-behaviorist well-known and notorious for his findings about the behavior animals have when using positive reinforcement and what you can teach them to do with these findings.

The counseling profession is a complex and constantly changing field. This field contains several unique subcategories that can be intriguing and difficult to understand. However, I believe that if an individual has a strong professional identity, they can achieve a lot in their chosen field.

B.F. Skinner is an American Psychologist from Pennsylvania who developed the idea of Behaviorism after studying at Harvard University (Biography.com Editors, n.d.). He is also known for his works such as, The Behavior of Organisms (1938), the novel Walden Two (1948), and later Beyond Freedom and Human Dignity (1971) which examines behaviorism in society (Biography.com Editors, n.d.).

Skinner’s theory observes individuals from the point of view of the behavior that they demonstrate. The key weakness of this theory is its attempt to explain the behaviors of an individual solely through visible phenomena. Critics sometimes accuse behaviorists of denying that ideas and thoughts exist (Jensen & Burgess, 1997). The major opposition that behaviorists face is that behavior of a person cannot be understood without including the mental activity of the individual. Critics have accused behaviorists of focusing only on behavior and ignoring the role of physiology, neuroscience, and genetics (Weiss & Rosales-Ruiz, 2014). Sometimes the reactions that people demonstrate have are not related their experience and therefore they have another

Sigmund Freud, one of the most well known psychologists to this day, was known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis”. The main focus of psychoanalysis was

One name that jumps out at the mention of psychology, or the study there of, is the name of Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud is also known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis.” Freud was also known for having the tendency to trace nearly all psychological problems back to sexual issues. Although only parts of his theory of psychosexual development are still accepted by mainstream psychologists, Freud's theory of the Oedipal Complex has become a cultural icon (Freud, Sigmund, 2012).

However, between the candidates there is a power struggle as they fight for their place, although they are always polite and don’t shout. This is to create a good impression because it would be disrespectful to shout at each other in the boardroom as it wouldn’t been seen as professional behaviour by Lord Sugar

We've had some of the same council members in place for nearly twenty years now, the keep "winning" elections because of the hundreds of thousands of dollars from these outside influences,

B.F Skinner was one of the most intelligence physiologist and a man who borderline on frightening traits for a physiologist when it came to creating learning theories, due to his cruelty towards his experiments and the way he view society structured. Learning theories can be viewed as mental concepts informing human beings or society, how information is gathered, processed, and how individuals retained it during learning concepts. Skinner created concepts such as conditioned behavior,” positive reinforcement,” and punishments for children who behavior was viewed as menacing. This term is known as time-out for children today, their own version of the Pandora box if parents choose that path. Moreover, as a radical psychologist among his fellow peers in their field, Skinner departs from certain beliefs that challenge the notions of self-awareness and moral autonomy of the individual. These particular main philosophies of science are known as dignity and free-will.

Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, developed an entirely new way of understanding the human mind; he is regarded as the founder of psychoanalysis. His London home was used by the Freud family from 1938

The at-large system easily tends to favour wealthier communities in a city. When taking Vancouver as an example, the Berger Commission of 2004 found that “[it] is generally accepted that the majority of city councillors have been from the West Side.” As Rebecca Dhindsa puts it, the West Side is “an area with higher incomes and less unemployment than Vancouver’s East Side.” This shows that councillors tend to run from wealthier segments of a city in at large systems. This can be because they may be more financially well off than the candidates from the underprivileged sections, which can affect campaign financing, or as the Berger Commission states, the richer and better educated “have a greater chance of informing themselves on civic issues and participating in political affairs.” The defence that this system is better for a council with a citywide focus is also largely false. Royce Koop and John Kraemer found that many councillors in at large municipalities still favour a certain area. When interviewing Councillor Bruce Hayne of Surrey, they were told this by him; “I think everybody has some affinity to the geography of where they live. I live in Cloverdale so I

     B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. Skinner was a very straightforward man and a very educated man. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He has studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. Skinner was a well-published writer. His work has been published in many journals. He also has written many books on behaviorism. His most important work was the study of behaviorism.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and a social philosopher. Skinner is known for his discovery of the theory of operant conditioning (Wikipedia). Skinner was a graduate from Harvard University. Although he understood the importance of classical conditioning, he noted that, “principles of classical conditioning account for only a small portion of learned behaviors” (Woolfolk 250). Skinner expressed that through operant conditioning, behavior is strengthened or weakened by antecedents or consequences. Both theorists’ work have a major influence on learning/behavioral concepts.

Meritocracy is crediting a person based on his/her achievements and merit. The opposite of meritocracy is patronage or padrino system, which is assigning of positions or work based on relationship with the “people on top. Moreover, it is also common for people in government to be related to one another, or friends of someone within, also known as nepotism. This is problematic, as the appointments especially in the government are expected to have the competencies and personal attributes to effectively drive performance by ensuring integrity, transparency and accountability at all time. These appointees are meant to make significant and rational decisions that impact on our economy, be it social and cultural well-being and to ensure effective and efficient delivery of critical services such as education, health care, policing, workers protection, public utilities and so on.