Are Parenting Styles Affecting Adolescents Competence?

Around the globe, there are various studies regarding the relationship between parenting styles and academic achievement. In the report, two common parenting approaches shall be reviewed. Moreover, an ideal approach would be introduced.

Parenting styles have been researched in many different journals and their role in the promotion of healthy child attachment to family, friends and social settings. In particular this review will focus on parenting styles and their correlation to parent-child attachment. The review will focus on the four main parenting styles authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglect and examine the effectiveness of these parenting styles on parent-child attachment. Then the review will further examine these parenting styles on themes that emerged throughout the literature reviewed. The themes are: the child’s perception of parenting styles, family dynamic, psychological effects and children with health issues. After examining the literature the main overarching conclusion is that authoritative parenting is the most satisfactory parenting style in all of the reviewed literature and that authoritarian and permissive parenting reflect negative parenting styles and don’t promote positive parent-child attachment.

Wyman, P. (2012). How Your Parenting Style Affects Your Child’s Behaviour. In Articles [online.] Retrieved Monday, October 15th, 2012, from

Research in parenting styles has found a large amount of correlation between parenting behavior and certain long-term outcomes for children. Specifically, parenting styles have been shown to correlate to a child’s obedience level, school competence, delinquency, violence, sexual activity, antisocial behavior, alcohol and substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and self-perception. The members of your family are the most prevalent relationships you will have in your life. Therefore, they will have the most influence in your future behavior. This paper examines the similarities and differences among authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglecting parenting styles and the effects on a child’s development and the resulting adolescent’s behavior.

Webster’s dictionary defines parenting as the process of raising and educating a child from birth until adulthood. As someone who parented four biological children, and earned the title of grandma, I can offer a lot of personal insight into the subject of parenting, and my first pearl of wisdom is that parenting is harder than one would think. Children do not come with an operation manual and it usually only takes new parents only a few days before they realize how blissfully delusional they were. Naturally, well meaning parents who understand the implications of their influence on shaping their child into happy, healthy, and successful adults, are naturally humbled with the awesome responsibility, and seek to develop a parenting strategy with positive empirical results.

Much emphasis has been placed in the field of child development and the role that early providers possess when it comes to the needs of children at the early stages of life. Whether conceptualizing socialization and priming with Locke’s “tabula rosa/blank slate” or Rousseau’s “preassembled moral schema” approach to child development, this “window of opportunity” is both fleeting and permanent. Every interaction molds the individual into the person they are to become, and the bond that the dependent child forms with the caregiver is a precedent to the numerous relationships and attachments they will create as an adult. Granted that the provider/nurturer fulfills the needs of attachment and attentiveness for the offspring, this will determine the success of progressing through child developmental stages, and leads to a higher propensity of social adaptiveness. Inversely, if the aforementioned things are absent in a child’s early years, detrimental effects could occur, including stints in physical, social, and mental development. This is dependent upon the severity and duration of neglect, and has been seen in clinical cases that appears as psychological phenomena to both the general public, and researchers alike.

There are several parenting styles which guide children throughout their life. These parenting styles can be either good or bad and this will have an effect on the child; either a positive or a negative one. This essay investigates the parenting styles from which emerge questions about the role of the mother and the father. It also focuses on the ways that either too much mothering or too much fathering might have an effect on the child’s identity later on in its life.

O’Byrne, Haddock, Poston, and Mid America Heart Institute (2002) investigated whether parenting style was a risk factor of smoking initiation and experimentation among adolescents and whether there was a relationship between parenting style and readiness to quit, and nicotine dependence among smokers. O’Byrne et al. (2002) defined current smokers as those who smoke regularly, experimenters as individuals who have smoked on one or two occasions, but have not smoked in the past month. Initiated smokers were considered both current smokers and individuals who smoked regularly in the past and then quit. Readiness to quit was categorized into four stages: precontemplation, for those who had no intent on quitting, contemplation, for those who may quit but not within the next 6 months, preparation, for those who will quit within the next 6 months and action, for those who will quit next month. Parenting style was measure by the Family of Origin Scale (FOS) which measured family intimacy and autonomy. This scale

unresponsive to their children?s needs. Often, if the child does not do exactly as the

Parenting style can influence whether a child succeeds or merely survives. The authoritative parenting style may be an effective parenting style in theory, however like communism, it is not as effective in practice. Children need to learn through friendships and develop social skills. Being able to connect to the outside world expand the mind and imagination, giving the children skills that help them think critically. On the other hand, being a permissive parent can also damage the child’s development. While letting the children succeed on their own, they provide the child with a lack of drive and motivation to achieve.

Parenting Styles play an important role in the development of a child in fact research has revealed that parenting Styles can influence a child's social cognitive social growth with effects children both in the childhood years and as an adult this is because children develop throughout a number of stimuli interactions and exchange with what's surrouning them the fact that parents are regularly around a child's life will influence him or her and a negative or positive way,

Some adolescent girls may feel they are ready to take on the life-changing event of becoming a parent. In some cases, becoming a parent at a young age can affect the child in the long term. This paper will analyze the academic, behavioral, and attachment affects of a child being born to an adolescent mother. Adolescence is an extremely important period of transition from childhood into adulthood of an individual (Uzon, Orhon, Baskan, Ulukol, 2013). There are several changes that occur including biological, social, psychological changes. Uzon, Orhon, Baskan, and Ulukol (2013) discussed adolescent pregnancy as the pregnancy of girls between ten and nineteen years of age. Studies have identified adolescent motherhood as a risk factor for poorer developmental outcomes among young children (Rafferty, Lodise, Griffin, 2011).

Parental style is a very important issue in the development of a child. In fact,

It is apparent throughout research parents have a high impact on the outcomes of adolescent emotional regulations and the behavior during adolescents (Feldman, 2011; Jabeen, Haque, & Riaz, 2013; Millings et al., 2012). Jabeen et al. (2013) states "parents play a crucial role in the social and emotional development of children" (pg.85). This part parent's play can be effected as stated above and the fluidity of parenting styles and their effects on adolescents should be observed. Through research looking at performance in school by Areepattamannil (2010), finds that supportive parenting yields higher achievement in school and is nearly as close in relationship to socioeconomic status.

Home-schooling is a type of schooling completed from the home, which is usually instructed by the caregiver. Home-schooling is slowly becoming more popular, both nationally and internationally. A common conception which many people have about home-schooling is how this impacts on children’s social development (Lebeda 2007, p. 102). Realistically children who are home-schooled and children who are main-steam schooled, are both open to potentially of having social abnormalities (Romanowski 2006, p. 125). Due to the common debate of home-schooling and how this impacts on socialisation, this study will focus on three themes which have emerged from the literature surrounding this topic. The themes include, the impact of home-schooling on social, emotional and psychological development, the efforts which parents make to ensure their children are provided adequate time to develop social skills and what activities and resources home-schooled children are presented with or have access too. The literature which has been sourced and referenced to throughout this study, has been from mostly the United States and the United Kingdom, therefore already presenting motivation for further research on this topic in relation to Australia is needed. The study has determined a number of potential gaps, where a need for further research is suggested.