Argumentative Papers On Pspa

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

PSA has become the most important biomarker for detection and follow up of prostate cancer. PSA levels of greater than 4.0ng/ml have been considered to have predictive value for prostate cancer. This screening test is well tolerated, quick, cheap, and standardized. Physicians are also familiar with the test results and can easily translate (Roobol et al., 2011). According to Wachtel, Nelius, Haynes, Dahlbeck, and de Riese (2013), the United States Preventative Health Task Force recently recommended PSA screening be abandoned in part by examining the results of two randomized trials, concluding that the results did not support the notion that the benefit of PSA screening outweighed the risks and costs even though there has been a steady decline in mortality since the early 1990s.

Although PSA Screening tests can facilitate to detect prostate cancer in its early stage, there is controversy and concern about patient being unnecessarily treated and over-diagnosed. The reliability of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is very poor. PSA values could be false positive caused by conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, ejaculation, perineal trauma and PSA value cannot be used to rule out prostate cancer. PSA-screening misses a considerable number of patients with PCa (false-negatives) and wrongly suspects or false-positives (Hayat, Nordin and Berglund, 2013). Sensitivity of the test is determined with the percentage of people tested with the disease that had positive results equals the number of patients that were true positive. The cut-off range for an abnormal PSA screening is 4.0 ng/mL. The American Cancer Society estimated that, the sensitivity of a PSA levels cutoff of 4.0 ng/mL, was twenty one percent for detecting any prostate cancer and fifty one percent for detecting high-grade cancers (Gleason ≥8). Validity of the test can be determined by the ability of its screening to accurately identify, if the patient has the disease or not. With PSA screening alone, one cannot validate if the patient has prostate cancer and other diagnostic tests such as digital rectal exam

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men according to the American Cancer Society(ACS) ( 2016). Older age is the strongest risk factor for the development of prostate cancer. Approximately 1 in 7 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime (ACS, 2016). There are more than 2.9 million prostate cancer survivors in the United States (ACS, 2016). The risk of dying from prostate cancer is 2.9 percent, with seventy percent of deaths occurring after age 75(ACS, 2016; Howlader, Krapcho, Neyman,Aminou et al, 2011). The use of the prostate-specific antigen testing transformed prostate cancer screening in the 1990’s (Up to date) . PSA screening for prostate

PSA test -- a blood test measuring the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Prostate cancer cells make higher amounts of PSA, so measuring PSA levels may help find cancer while it is still microscopic. However, finding higher levels of PSA does not always mean that a man has cancer. Benign conditions such as an enlarged prostate can also raise PSA levels.

In this day and age, multiple things are open to teens that were not around in the past. Some of these things include television, newer age radio, and the Internet. Due to these things, several teens have been getting lower test scores and even lower social skills. Some people may ask if modern technology is making humans less intelligent. Regarding to an online article, "In a series of four experiments at Columbia and Harvard, Sparrow and her team found that students are more likely to recall a trivial fact if they think it will be erased from the computer, and forget it if they're assured it will be there" (Star wire services 1).My topic is like no other. My topic describes the change in humanity throughout the technological history.

What makes personalized medicine possible is genomics, which focuses on obtaining and analyzing genome data. In the past decade, there has been a significant progress in linking genetic variation in genes associated with drug disposition to predict response to drugs and adverse drug reaction3. The genomics field is trying to discover specific patterns of gene expressions which will differentiate the disease state from normal state as well as gene expressions that affect patients’ response to drugs by identifying biomarkers the so called signature molecule and molecular maker. A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease

The patient is a 62 year old male who presented to the GP with an increased tenderness of the pubic region, his systems also included increased frequency of urination. His blood profiles were normal except for prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 10ng/ml, which significantly above normal for a man of 62 years (which is 4ng/ml). This increased PSA level is indicative of three conditions, prostate cancer, prostatitis and an enlarged prostate (James Catto, 2009).

This report provides a holistic scope of prostate cancer (PCa) from prevention, pathology, diagnostic screening, pharmacology, and treatment methods. It also incorporates statistical data, and provides a case study that helps the prospective nursing student to analyze its implications for their practice. The current methods for PCa diagnostics is often times not conclusive, and this causes a controversial decision to be made by the patient and the healthcare provider to either perform a surgery to remove the prostate, or a wait-and-see method of progression. The gold standard for diagnostic screening for PCa has long been prostate specific antigen (PSA); however newer methods are coming to light that enhance the PCA screening by adding additional biomarkers and advanced algorithms that help to reduce over-diagnosis of PCa. The bright side to this disease is two-fold: it mainly effects those in older age, and early detection can account for a 95% success rate up to 15 years after detection.

To assess these markers, there are several scales and scoring systems that have been developed. The prognostic nutritional index is one such scale that incorporates the ratio of different white blood cells as well as the ratio of C-reactive protein-to-albumin levels in the blood. The modified Glasgow prognostic score is another similar scale that incorporates factors related to both C-reactive proteins and albumin. It's efficient, simple enough to use, and these scales have been correlated with the prognosis and survival of many different cancers including cancers of the colon, stomach, lung, and pancreas.

Many prostate cancers are found with the two-step screening process: a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and or a digital rectal exam (DRE). Until recently, all men were advised to have a PSA blood test starting at age 50. The test measures the level of a protein produced by the prostate cells. Dr. Stalcup says there’s much research on the PSA which says it’s not a good test. But he says right now, it’s the best and least-invasive test available.

They found that the solution lied in the saturation, where the maximal growth of the prostate cancer was achieved at a low level of testosterone. This model was produced by Fowler and Whitmore, who concluded “normal endogenous testosterone levels may be sufficient to cause near maximal stimulation of prostatic tumors.” There final conclusion was that “there is not today—nor has there ever been—a scientific basis for the contention that a higher T concentration causes pCA growth, acutely or long-term.” This was a pivotal statement because many other research labs began to do work on this same theory, the only downfall was the majority of them were finding similar results to the Huggins and Hodges, and Fowler and Whitmore. [9]

The risk of prostate cancer is the greatest for American males. The symptoms of prostate cancer are; frequent urination especially at night, difficulty starting urination or holding back urine, weak or interrupted flow of urine, painful or burning urination, difficulty having an erection, painful ejaculation, blood in urine or semen, and frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs. Prostate cancer is diagnosed by digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen blood test, and transrectal ultrasound. Also, tissue biopsy, microscopic examination, lymphography, bone scans, MRI and CT scans are used to confirm a diagnosis. Prostate cancer is treated is based upon the stage of the disease. Some of the various treatments

PSA is an enzyme, which is found the ejaculate and its role id to breakdown the little clot that forms in the ejaculate which is called semenogelin. PSA controlled by androgen. By monitoring PSA levels it provide an idea of what happening with the androgen. And the result shows that prostate cancer is very much androgen dependent and androgen driven.