Aristotle, Nicolaus Copernicus, Hubble, And Albert Einstein

In concordance with Christian doctrines, this system implies that heaven and the throne of God lie beyond the tenth sphere. On the other hand, during the first half of the 16th century, Polish cleric Copernicus developed an astronomical model which positions the motionless Sun at the center of the universe, with the Earth, the moon, and six other planets revolving at a constant speed around it. He argues that all stars were at rest and that their nightly movements are simply indications of the earth’s rotation. However, members of the Church, especially Protestants, who interpreted the Bible literally, refused to grant Copernicus credit for his theory. Nevertheless, once released among the population, the Copernican theory raised support from various scholars, a few of whom, such as Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo, went on to dedicate their career to solidify its legitimacy. With their use of mathematical reasoning, instead of antic philosophy, the Copernican theory finally became justified among the population. Pertaining to its influence among laypeople, the Copernican theory raised various questions against the

During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, it was not easy for scientists to make new discoveries and present them to the world. The Catholic Church, a dominating force during that period, persecuted anyone who would spread ideas and opinions that contradicted what the Bible stated. Both Copernicus and Galileo believed in the heliocentric theory, also called Copernicus theory, which stated that the sun was at the centre of the universe and the earth revolves around it. However, the Catholic Church did not agree with this idea because the Bible stated that the earth was at the centre of the universe and the sun revolved around it, which is the complete opposite. Due to this disagreement, Copernicus and Galileo were threaded by the Catholic Church and

Aristotle’s model by today’s standards can easily be picked apart, but at the time, it was the best explanation that could be made with so little technology and insight. Although his theories have long since been replaced, they created a base for future scientists to work off of and challenge. Over time many great scientists began to question Aristotle’s theories. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), for example, contested the absolute significance of the earth, and he did not agree that it should be viewed as the center of the entire universe (Lizhi & Youquan, 1987). He plotted the earth at the center of the universe and created a heliocentric system just as mathematically complicated as the Ptolemaic system (one that also improved on Aristotle’s), but it explained a number of anomalies, including resolving the issue of retrograde motion (Ede, A. & Cormack, L., 2004). The problem was that Aristotle’s physics of ‘natural motion’ fell apart without the earth in the center of everything.

Sense I am on the side of my client, Nicolaus Copernicus, I will summarize the main reasons of why my client should not be in jail for such a ridiculous reason. My client has spent many years contemplating on what space actually looks like, and he came up with a idea. Nicolaus idea was that the sun was the center of the solar system not the earth, and that every planet orbits the sun. Your church false fully threw Nicolaus Copernicus into jail for heresy when he did nothing wrong. Why should we throw one of the greatest minds of our time, and waste his knowledge just because you have different religious views? Nicolaus shouldn’t have to waste his time in jail when he could be making other amazing discoveries, and further advance our knowledge in how our world works. Therefore I ask that my client Nicolaus Copernicus be set free from prison.

Among these people were Copernicus who believed the sun was at the center of the world and the earth, stars and planets revolved around it. Danish astronomer Brahe helped contribute to this idea by contributing a large mass of data about the universe that he was able to discover. His student Kepler kept his ideas going, as he formulated many laws of planetary motion. He said the orbits around the sun were elliptical, planets don’t move in a uniform speed and the time a planet completes its orbit is related to its distance from the sun. Meanwhile, Florentine Galileo decided to use experiments to find out what happened and not what should happen, and discovered that a uniform force makes a uniform acceleration as well as inertia laws, that an object will be in motion forever unless stopped by another force.

Astronomy was a highly debated topic between scientists and the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church believed that the Earth was the center of the universe and there was a place for all of the gods/zodiacs in it. An astronomer from the Middle Ages, Ptolemy, created the drawing of the universe which depicted the Earth in the very center of the universe, or geocentric. The geocentric universe, also contained an outer name in latin translating directly to “The Empire of Heaven and the Home of God and the Elect( document C )”. Contrary to the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church another astronomer from The Renaissance created a sun centered universe or heliocentric. This astronomers name was Copernicus, he created his universe based on observation of the movement of the planets and mathematics. During the Middle Ages it was strongly believed that the universe was geocentric, but now astronomers like Copernicus have disproved these beliefs with concrete

The scientific investigations of Galileo, Bacon, and Peter the Great differ greatly. Galileo's scientific discoveries are based on the universe around us, in which Catholic Doctrine disapproved of for it contradicted the Bible. Galileo in this famous argument states "as if I had placed these things in the sky with my own hands in order to upset nature and overturn the sciences" (52-53, Galileo), which shows his shock of the Church not wanting him to improve the understanding of the world itself. Bacon is most famous for creating the Scientific Method we still use today, but he is genuinely interested in knowledge and inquiry of the human race. Peter the Great improved Russia from a small country to a European power, by improving its' arts

1) What did Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton contribute to a new vision of the universe, and how did it differ from the Ptolemaic conception of the universe? According to the reading, in the Ptolemaic or geocentric conception the universe is viewed as a sequence of concentric spheres with a motionless or fixed earth at the midpoint (Spielvogel 479). This notion was made up of "substances of earth, air, fire and water, the earth was imperfect and constantly changing" (Spielvogel 479). Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer and mathematician who felt that this theory of Ptolemaic was too complex and was unsuccessful in capturing the "motions of the heavenly bodies" (Spielvogel 480).

In the 16th century, Copernicus developed a theory of a Heliocentric universe. This idea proposed that the Sun was the center of the universe as opposed to the Earth, leading to a whole new concept, and ultimately controversy.

On to the next portion of time which was called the renaissance astronomy period (1400-1650). Most renaissance astronomers did not accept the theories of the previous astronomers. So they decided to make their own. Starting off with the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. He began a new era of astronomy when he concluded that the Sun was the center of the universe instead of the Earth. This inventive idea was not popular with the Church, but several other astronomers such as Brahe and Galileo helped to eventually prove that this model of the universe was more accurate. Speaking of Tycho Brahe he built an observatory from which he made the most accurate astronomical observations up to that time. His observatory contained equipment for mapping star positions, and for more than 20 years he made detailed records of his findings. He believed that the universe was a blend of the Ptolemaic and Copernican models, and created his own model in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth. Moving on to the next big astromoner who was, in fact Tycho Brahes assistant, Johannes Kepler. He inherited Tycho’s collection of astronomical records, and used them to develop three laws of planetary

Galileo, Kepler and Newton altered classical interpretations of nature and challenged classical sources of knowledge in several different ways. Kepler published several different books and even came up with the three laws of planetary motion. The first law is the orbit of planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus. The second law is a line from the planets to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal intervals of time. The third law states that the planets orbital period squared is proportional to its average distance from the sun cubed. Kepler used his mathematical skills to wok on the Rudolphine Table, which was based off and improved from the work of Tycho Brahe. The Rudolphine Table was created to help show the position of the planets

Nicolas Copernicus developed his own heliocentric model putting the sun at the center of the solar system with the earth as one of the planets revolving around the fixed sun, once a year, and turning on its axis once a day. (By Cynthia Stokes Brown)

In Copernicus’ time a theory knows as the Geocentric theory was popular. This idea stated that the earth was at the center of our solar system. While in school Copernicus realized that there was a lot of evidence against the Geocentric theory. So he composed a new theory that he thought made more sense. He called it the Heliocentric theory. This theory proclaimed that the sun was

As a Copernican, Galileo believes in a heliocentric model of the universe – that is, that the sun is “situated motionless in the center…while the earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun” (663, 12-16). He writes that the idea is not his own, and his critics “pretend not to know that its author…was Nicholas Copernicus.” (664, 4-8). Furthermore, his critics call out his propositions as contrary to the Bible and heretical. Galileo explains that these individuals attempt to use Bible passages to disprove the heliocentric cosmology, but to no

The heliocentric theory was first proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolaus Copernicus wanted to prove to the church that his theory was truth. Galileo Galilei proved that the heliocentric that was proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus was correct. It took more than a century for the world