Aromaticity And Reactions Of Pyridine

1. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make up carbohydrates. Small carbs contain twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms; simple sugars, called monosaccharides, are the basic building blocks for

Stereochemistry plays a vital role in the five possible products of benzil reduction. The five possible products in the reduction of benzil are due to the two carbonyl groups in benzil. If the sodium borohydride reduced

2. Using the atom and bond library below, construct the following molecule. It may be

These triple bonds are created by overlapping two pairs of p-orbitals that create a right angle on adjacent sp-hybridized carbon atoms. Two successive elimination reactions are used to prepare alkynes in a manner like the creation of double bonds. The first elimination reaction produces a double bond and the second creates the triple bond. These reactions are done using a strong base and heat.

1. Purpose: to clarify the mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between benzonitrile oxide and an alkene, and to test the regiochemistry of the reaction between benzonitrile oxide and styrene.

5. What is the structure of a nucleotide? Draw It. A nucleotide consists of a

Absorptions in the region of 1450 to 1600 cm-1 often designate an aromatic ring and when consulting the C-H region we can confirm its aromatic since the peak is to the left of the 3000 cm-1.

The purpose of this experiment is to examine the reactivities of various alkyl halides under both SN2 and SN1 reaction conditions. The alkyl halides will be examined based on the substrate types and solvent the reaction takes place in.

There are four main regions of IR absorptions: region 4000 – 3000 cm-1 corresponds to N-H, C-H and O-H stretching, region 2250- 2100 cm-1 is triple-bond stretching , region 2000- 1500 cm-1 is double bonds and the region below 1500 cm-1 is the fingerprint region where a variety of single bonds are absorbed.3 The chromic acid test is a test for oxidizability and gives a positive result for primary and secondary alcohols as well as aldehydes2. A positive result in the chromic acid test is indicated by a color change and the formation of a precipitate. Tertiary alcohols give negative results for the chromic acid test since there must be a hydrogen present on the alcoholic carbon for oxidation to occur. The 2,4 DNP test, tests for a carbonyl and is therefore a dependable test for aldehydes and ketones. Finally, 13C NMR spectroscopy is a test to determine the structure of a compound. 13C NMR detects the 13C isotope of carbon. Each carbon has a different chemical shift. A carbon’s chemical shift is affected by the electronegativity of nearby atoms. Carbons that are bonded to highly electronegative atoms resonant downfield because the electronegative atom pulls electrons away from the nearby carbons and cause those carbons to resonant downfield1 (John McMurry, 2008). A general trend is that sp3-hybridized carbons absorb from 0 to 90 ppm, sp2-hybridized carbons resonant between 110

In this experiment, a Friedel-Crafts acylation was carried our by reacting acetic anhydride (the acylating agent) and dichloromethane (solvent) with anisole to substitute an acyl group onto the aromatic ring of anisole. Friedel-Crafts reaction can be classified as an electrophilic aromatic substitution. This involves an electrophile replacing a hydrogen atom located in the aromatic compounding forming a new carbon-carbon double blond. Acylation of a monosubstituted benzene has the opportunity to yield any or all three different disubstituted products. We used the boiling point and results from 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine if the product was a single product or a mixture of isomers. Say something about yields, NMR, and boiling point....

where is the expectation value of the dynamic nuclear polarization, is the equilibrium polarization of the nuclear spins [8], is the NMR signal enhancement value, are the gyromagnetic ratios for the electron and proton respectively, and and are known as the coupling, leakage, and saturation factors, respectively. The leakage factor in Eq. (1) that accounts for the loss of polarization is sensitive to the motion and it also depends on the concentration of

Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6π-electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic attack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron deficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be “activating” and electron-withdrawing groups are “deactivating”. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the “ortho” or “para” positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the “meta” position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic

Bromide molecule from pyridinium tribromide was attacked by pi bond creating a positive charge on the bromide. To stabilize the structure, the negative bromide was introduced via frontside attack and made an syn product.

Pyridoxine is a member of the pyridine family and belongs to the pyridoxine functional group which has several derivatives. They are all crucial compounds involved with many biological functions. Pyridoxine is a critical chemical that is used by our bodies every single day, it allows major functions such

This experiment was done to identify one ketone with Thin Layer Chromatography and one using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. When using Thin Layer Chromatography, I was able to determine my unknown by observing my slides and seeing that the spots of my unknown are most like those of 2-heptanone in height and size. Furthermore, I calculated my Rf values and determined that my Rf value of Unknown K (.5) was most near my Rf value of 2-heptanone (.51). Finally, comparing the derivative melting points of these two substances confirms that 2-heptanone is my unknown. The derivative melting point of 2-heptanone is 89 while my unknown was 87.