Arsenic And Its Effect On Humans And Animals

These substances not only trigger liver, heart, kidney and nervous system deterioration, but also cause lung impairment and cancer.

Previous research has pointed out that the mechanism by which arsenic exerts its toxic effect is through impairment of cellular respiration by the inhibition of various mitochondrial enzymes, and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Most toxicity of arsenic results from its ability to interact with sulphydryl groups of proteins and enzymes, and to substitute phosphorous in a variety of biochemical reactions

Some people might believe that testing the products on animals are a safer way to make sure the products is safe for humans.But most products sometimes have an effect on animals and are still sold. What if the animal that were being testing on was your pet at home or a pet that you once had. Others might agree that they wouldn't want their pets being tested on with harmful chemicals. People believe that the pets don't care that they are being tested on or that it doesn't matter that we test the chemicals on them because they can’t actually speak on the situation. Animals have feelings too and they also feel pain too. You wouldn't want your children or family members being tested on so why allow an animal's child to be tested on.

Factors which have a detrimental effect on mitochondrial function include nutrient deficiencies, toxic metal/toxic chemical exposures, infections with certain viruses, and even poor diets. The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They make ATP and provide energy for our cells. In the process of producing ATP they create reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS cause oxidative damage to the mitochondria and other cells (Remmen & Richardson, 2011). When mitochondria become damaged through oxidative stress they produce less energy and actually increase the amount of ROS produced (Remmen & Richardson, 2011).

Arsenic is discovered in the environment from both nature and certain human activities. Arsenic is usually found in soils, sediments, and groundwater. The process of mining, ore smelting, and industrial use of arsenic can result in these inorganic compounds meeting the surface. Organic arsenic compounds are found in fish, shellfish and

Inorganic arsenic is highly toxic and a significant public health threat throughout the world. Long-term exposure to arsenic through contaminated water can lead to arsenic poisoning and a variety of adverse health effects, including skin lesions, cancer, and respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. However, arsenic is highly abundant in the Earth’s crust and is naturally present across the world in the air, water, and soil. Arsenic integrates into the environment with natural processes including weathering reactions and volcanic activity, and through anthropogenic processes such as mining, fossil fuel combustion, and utilization of pesticides.

Society is filled with images of happy animals living on farms where the cows graze in lush green fields and the chickens have spacious coops. The picture of free-roaming animals living in spacious fields is miles away from reality. A majority of animals are being raised for food, live terrible lives in dark, confined, and overcrowded facilities, called factory farms. Factory farming have led to institutionalized animal cruelty, massive environmental destruction, as well as animal and human health risks which can be reduced by natural, free-range farming.

Lead (like arsenic and mercury) interferes with glutathionine metabolism by binding to its sulfhydryl complex of the key enzyme involved in this biochemical pathway.

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust which occupies 8.8% of its weight and it is most commonly used in water supplies, medicines (Yavuz et al. 2004), explosives, construction of siding, aircrafts and motor vehicles and in food industry as cans, packaging materials, kitchen utensils and vessels (Tuzen and Soylak 2008). Consequently, the environmental exposure of aluminum to human and other animals is obviously possible. This metal ion causes Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease (Sun and Wu 2010), encephalopathy/dialysis dementia, osteomalacia (Jalbani et al. 2007; Shokrollahi et al. 2008) and also several clinical diseases particularly in patients with chronic renal failure (Sombra et al. 2003). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the secondary permissible standard for aluminium in drinking water as 0.05 - 0.2 mg/L (Wilkes University 2007). Therefore it is necessary to remove aluminium from its source, before it enters into the environment.

First of all toxic chemical cause health problem. According to the university of Toronto, The toxicity is the ability of a substance to produce an unwanted effect which the chemical reached a sufficient at a certain site in the body. (E.H.S) toxic chemical harm us when they enter or contain the body. If too much is absorbed,it has negative effects on the body. Chemical we can find in our daily life we use toothpaste,cosmetic goods that we enjoy. (The world counts, 2014). It affects our body day by day and there is no benefit to health. A toxic chemical is one of the kind of Health problems and it may be caused by air pollution.

Cellular respiration is a complex but fundamental process of life. This process is vital to all living organisms, whether they are autotrophs or heterotrophs, plants or animals. All biotic life requires their food to be converted into energy to carry out their basic functions and processes. Cells use oxygen to transform a simple sugar like glucose into energy, such as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Glucose is a carbohydrate, which acts as a reactant just like oxygen and water. The products yield carbon dioxide, water and ATP, which is the opposite for photosynthesis. Cellular respiration can be divided into three parts: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. Many pollutants can disrupt this biological process and effect organisms and ecosystems. “Dioxin is a very toxic compound usually produced as a byproduct from industrial waste sometimes in the form of pesticides or herbicide, which was used in Vietnam. TCDD is a commonly studied dioxin that is a mixture of chemicals found in the environment. Studies have found that humans cannot metabolize this mixture, which causes several different, harmful biological reactions. TCDD is a direct side product of burning organic materials. It is also a persistent organic pollutant that inhibits the mitochondria from supplying energy including ATP and NAD(P)H. This organelle is where cellular respiration is synthesized in animals and humans. These toxins directly affect the electron chain, which will

ALP was released in India as a rodenticide at first. (2,3).This substance next to the water ,water stream or gastric acid produces a non –color, fire caching, with fish-stench like smell called phosphine(PH3) that is cause of intoxication. phosphine is a protoplasmic poison which leads to a non –competitive inhibition of cytochrome oxidase enzyme in mitochondria ,electrons transfer system and oxidative phosphorylation. Hence to the production of free radicals in several tissues by phosphine, those organs which need more oxygen like heart, brain, lungs, kidney and liver have more sensitivity to phosphine related damages and this in association with histopathological changes in those organs(4 ).The toxicity is due to reaction of emissions with air humidity, and the presence of hydrochloric acid. (3, 5)The current dose of ALP in an adult with the average weight of 70 kg is estimated about 500mg(4).Rice

Arsenic contamination of groundwater has always been a major form of groundwater pollution which is mainly due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in the deeper levels of groundwater. Countries like Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Taiwan, mainland China, USA and around 60 more are affected by the arsenic poisoning of drinking water which poses a serious life threat to the lives of around 140 million people. Arsenic (At. No. 33) is known to be a dangerous toxin that can take lives if the intake is in large amts. Also it is carcinogenic causing cancer of bladder, skin, lungs, kidney etc. Water contaminated by arsenic typically contains arsenous acid and arsenic acid and their derivatives like As (III) and As (V). Arsenic acid tends to exist as the ions [HAsO4]2 and [H2AsO4]- . Arsenic Pentoxide is the inorganic compound having formula As2O5, which is highly unstable and more commonly found as As (III). Mainly these

Chemical Hazards Chemicals are both naturally occurring and man-made. From the environment, exposure to chemical agents in our air, water, food and soil, have shown to be hazardous to human health causing cancer and lung disease, metabolic issues, brain damage, and even birth defects. Essentially, these chemicals act as toxins and poisoning, also playing a role in infectious diseases and causing the body's immune system to break down. The World Health Organization, for instance, believes that billions of people are exposed to chemical hazards on a regular basis (solvents, acids, pesticides, etc.), but at different levels and differing levels of toxicity and over differing periods of time. The exposure rate, especially from heavy metals and agricultural waste and products, seem to be the most serious over time, but even such products as led and arsenic can cause cancers that are serious and attributable to environmental standards (World Research Institute, 2000).

f. Toxic - Toxic is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large.