Discussion Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are currently considered gold standard in the management of uncomplicated malaria. For the liver stages, primaquine is the only drug approved to eliminate hypnozoites. Resistance against existing antimalarials is well documented, and troubling due to the emerging resistance to artemisinins. Therefore, a rising incidence of drug resistance requires the development new drugs, with novel disease targeting strategies. Moreover, the challenge is
Introduction: Worldwide emergence and spread of antimalarial resistance has led to use of molecular markers in monitoring of resistant plasmodium parasite. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the K13 propellor domain have been recently associated with artemisinin resistance. This study aims at profiling K13 molecular markers related to reduced susceptibility to Artemether-Lumefantrine in parasite isolates from Msambweni coastal region, Kenya. Methods: Chelex method was used for extracting DNA from Plasmodium
resistance and cross-resistance problem that appearing in most malaria-prevalent regions, a lot of efforts have been made to discover new drugs and new mechanisms of action to treat malaria. In order to decrease the rate of resistance emergence, combination therapies are introduced, which combine two or more available antimalarial drugs that targeting distinct site within parasites. By doing this, some combined advantages can be achieved. 3.1 Molecular Markers of Resistance 3.1.1 Pfmdr1 PfMDR protein is
be used to treat malaria and indeed, in combination some are, they are primarily chemoprophylactics that are given to transiently exposed individuals. People living in endemic regions are consistently re-infected and giving these drugs to them in monotherapy would only encourage the development and rapid spread of resistance. The WHO recommended first-line of treatment worldwide is artemisinin-combination therapy, hereafter referred to as ACT. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone first isolated
able to reproduce inside humans contributing to their survival can be free living or parasitic in nature ii. Helminths also can be free living or parasitic in nature but once they reach adulthood they cannot reproduce in humans iii. Ectoparasites act as vector and remain on host for a long time B. Plasmodium 1. Plasmodium falciparum background information a. 48 hour fever cycle i. Found in tropical and subtropical areas ii. 4 different pathways to get into red blood cells iii. In 2012
to drug therapy. The Plasmodium falciform species has become increasingly resistant in the regions affect by the strain (1). In an effort to avoid drug resistance, the current recommendation of the World Health Organization is the use of two more anti-malaria drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciform malaria infections. In order to achieve the desired effect the drug combinations must have different modes of action. The formal name for this form of therapy is artemisinin-based combination
malaria treatments that have minor side effects to control the contagiousness of the disease. 1. Introduction: Deciding what is the world 's most fatal creature probably will vary due to the many creatures that endanger human life only in one year, based on the WHO –World Health Organization- statistics. In every year, for example, sharks kill 10 people, crocodiles kill 1000 people, and snakes kill 50,000 people. However, the small mosquitoes kill more than 1,000,000 people every year, and over 600
Multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria had been treated with many different, both single and combinations of drugs. The most common type that is known to be effective is the artemisinin-based combination therapy also known as ACT; a combination of artermisinin and its derivatives and longer-acting antimalarial drugs. Studies conducted by Pousibet-Puerto et al. shows the effectiveness of ACT treatment to those with uncomplicated malaria from Plasmodium falciparum compared to those getting
attempts to kill malaria failed and the disease was rapidly increasing in the 1960s, Tu turned to traditional herbal medicine to curtail the plague. “Tu was the first to show that a component extracted from the plant Artemisia annua, later called artemisinin, was highly effective against the disease”. (Mai, 2015). She received a novel prize in medicine for this discovery, hence becoming the first female Chinese recipient of the coveted prize, (Cardone, 2015) which was made even more impressive by the
Besides, an incomplete cross-resistance has been found between amodiaquine and chloroquine, this may be due to the mutation of PfCRT and PfMDR1. 2.2.3 8-Aminoquinoline 2.2.3.1 Pamaquine Pamaquine (Figure 2.5b) is an 8-aminoquinoline, synthesized based on the structure of methylene blue (Figure 2.5a). It is the first antimalarial drug that has activity against liver stage parasites, and can prevent the relapse of P. vivax malaria. Although pamaquine can delay the first attachment of malaria, it is