Arteriosclerosis Research Paper

The cardiovascular disease defines conditions that affect the heart or blood vessels. Thrombosis, which emanates from blood clots, reduced blood flow to the heart, brain and the rest of the body. When fatty acids deposit in the artery, it hardens and narrows. These issues lead to stroke, coronary heart disease, aortic disease and peripheral arterial disease. Coronary heart disease occurs due to a reduced or blocked flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. It is a result of accumulated fats in the coronary arteries. Coronary arteries are a set of blood vessels that take blood to the heart. When they become narrow, the heart gets less of a supply of blood and oxygen causing chest pains, called angina or a heart attack, explains VanMeter &

There was a breakthrough in 2012 that provided a treatment to slow the disease. Lonafarnib, a type of farnesyltransferase inhibitor was used. When given this drug, patients gained weight, bone structure improved, and the flexibility of arteries increased. This treatment was is similar cancer treatments, and in time it may be modified to be more effective.

Once occluded, these arteries cannot deliver oxygenated blood to the cardiac tissues, which leads to cardiac ischemia and infarction. The death of cardiac muscle can be so great that it is fatal, or it can be within a spectrum of morbidity that limits an individual’s ability to perform activities of daily life and decreases one’s quality of life. CHD is prevented by healthy habits, such as good nutritional intake, a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, stress management, and consistent screenings (LCMHS, 2016). These interventions can also be used during any stage of the disease, for they can reduce the progression of the disease as well as improve the effectiveness of medications and other provider-ordered

As mentioned above, strokes are pathophysiological changes. Ischemia which accounts for 87% of all strokes is a decrease or absent circulating blood which deprives neurons of necessary substrates. As there is no storage of glucose in the brain it leaves no opportunity for the chief ingredient for energy substrate and is incapable of anaerobic metabolism (Shah, MD, n.d.). Ischemia is a medical condition diagnosed when tissues do not have a sufficient oxygen supply, therefor resulting in a decrease in ATP energy, leading to necrosis of tissue. Decreased oxygen supply to tissue (ischemia) is caused by a blockage in an artery mainly from an embolism. An embolism is the breakage of an atherosclerosis formed in any coronary arteries. This floats freely in the blood stream, which eventually may plug a major artery in the brain (stroke), heart (MI) or lungs (lung failure). A thrombus occurs when an already

In Canada and most other countries arteriosclerosis is the leading cause of death and illness, strokes and heart attacks due to arteriosclerosis are responsible for more deaths than all other causes combined

A blockage in the blood vessels that carry blood to the back of the brain (vertebrobasilar arteries).

Vascular dementia: Lack of oxygen supply to the brain due to the narrowing and blockage of blood vessels and that part will damage or die.The symptoms can occur a single large stroke or lots of mini stroke.symptoms may occur slowness of thought,difficulty with planning,trouble with language,problems with attention and concentration,mood or behavior changes.

“The possible existence of an inherited genetic predisposition to PAD has been investigated in numerous familial aggregation studies.” Aravind, L. (2017). PAD patients suffer through many symptoms everyday in which they cannot control: Painful cramping in your hip, thigh or calf muscles after certain activities, such as walking or climbing stairs, leg numbness or weakness, coldness in your lower leg or foot, a change in the color of your legs, and experiencing no pulse or a weak pulse in your legs or feet. Although these conditions will not kill you, they will alter your way of living. The condition itself is not fatal but the effects of the disease may become a leading cause of death. When blood flow is limited, a variety of problems may arise. If symptoms are severe, foot or leg amputation may be a devastating outcome. Since a plenitude of patients have a joint connection with atherosclerosis, many people with PAD die from a heart attack, sudden cardiac arrest, or stroke. Having PAD often affects a person's lifestyle. A person who experiences pain while walking

While vascular dementia develops, it passes out through seven stages which can be divided into three major stages. Those stages are early stage, middle stage, and late stage. First, in the early stage, the cells in the brain receive a constant amount of blood. According to this stage, the person does not suffer from any symptoms and the vascular system works naturally. But at the end of the early stage, the patient starts to be confused and have difficult in thinking. Therefore, the vascular system starts to damage due to some factors. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine “Blood flow to brain tissue may be reduced by a partial blockage or completely blocked by a blood clot” [1]. When this happens, the blood supply becomes less than the

Presently, the treatment strategies used are risk factor modification, conventional pharmacology and surgical revascularization. These strategies have hitherto not been of enormous solution as the disease progression still result in recurrent symptoms. This has now led to the exploitation of advances in comprehending the vascular biology of atherogenesis to introduce novel cell and molecular-based therapies. The application of immunomodulation, lipid-lowering agents like statins, gene transfer, antisense technology and so on has resulted in new therapeutic strategies to interrupt cell proliferation and disorder of the vessel wall. In this essay, immunomudulation and lipid-lowering agent shall be discussed.

Peripheral arterial disease is a circulatory problem that causes narrowed arteries to reduce blood flow to your limbs. When you develop this disease, your lower extremities will not receive enough blood flow

This is a rare systemic swelling of the large vessels and mostly affects women of child bearing age. Takayasu arteritis is defined as the granulomatous inflamation of the aorta and its major branches. We need to understand the nature of this disease and the medications to be taken in order to prevent complications. This disease is spreading worldwide at the rate of 2.6^million cases per year. It is observed mostly in Japan, China, Korea, Indian, Thailand, Singapore, Turkey, Israel and central south America as well. Most patients are aged from 4-63 years. Complications of the disease may lead to stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, ischemia, organ failure, occlusion, fetal injury, hypertension, retinopathy, reno-vascular hypertension and valvular heart disease. This is a chronic relapsing and remitting disorder, the overall survival rate is 90% for 10 years. 5 and 10 year survival rates are 69% and 36%. There is a strict management of cardiovascular risk factors. This disease makes one substantially morbid and may be life threatening. It may also lead to panarteritis with intimal proliferation. It usually lasts for many years. When it attacks women it attacks any or all major organs. This disease is in all parts of the world, although it is most prevalent in Asians.

Peripheral vascular disease ( or Peripheral Arterial disease ) is the buildup of Plaque in arteries to the body . This can lead to complications in blood flow, which also leads to an increased risk of infections, and numbness in some limbs.

Cerebral Vascular Disease (CVA) also known as a Stroke, occurs when there is a poor or inadequate flow of blood to part or all of the brain (Ischemia). Or bleeding in the brain (hemorrhage) that leads to brain cell damage or death. Resulting in loss or impairment of functions such as movement, emotions or sensations; depending on the affected area. The amount or severity of the loss depends on the area affected and the extent of the damage to the brain and its cells. According to Medical-Surgical Nursing ninth edition, stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. The leading cause of long-term disability and twenty-six percent of the stroke victims require a minimum of three months of long-term care. Stroke is a devastating and preventable disease, with a huge emotional and financial impact on the victim and their families. One example is Roberto Severino Campos, who resides with his family in San Paulo, Brazil. According to Roberto 's story on the World Health Organization website, he refused to be concerned about the warning signs predisposing him to a stroke. Roberto was not concerned with his hypertension, smoking and drinking; which are all preventable factors. Now after three strokes, he can no longer speak and has left side with bilateral leg paralysis. Roberto can no longer work and is totally dependent on his family for survival. Stroke has been the foremost helth care concern and prevalent killer for the Brazilian population.( Bode, Chris de,

In some cases, peripheral vascular disease could hint at another underlying problem. Arteries might be narrowed because of fatty deposits throughout the vessels. In addition to reducing blood flow to the body’s limbs, the heart and brain may not be receiving as much blood as they need to function properly.