Arteriovenous Malformation Resection Case Study

Cerebral vascular accident or a stroke is the destruction of brain substance, resulting from thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, or embolism, which causes vascular insufficiency. In addition, it is an area of the brain denied blood and oxygen that is required and damage is done to a part of the cells. The effect of the patient depends upon where the damage occurs and the severity of the stroke.

There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are vessels that usually carry highly oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body. (The pulmonary trunk and related arteries are exceptions, as they actually carry blood from the lungs toward the heart.) Because arteries must transport high volumes of blood being forcefully pumped out by the heart and must therefore withstand greater pressure, most have thick, muscular walls and are more flexible as well. Arterioles, smaller types of arteries with thinner walls, branch off of the arteries to carry blood to another type of vessel, called the capillary. Capillaries are the most abundant blood vessels in the body. Thinner and smaller than the other blood vessels, the role of capillaries is to exchange substances like water, gases, chemicals, nutrients, wastes, etc. with the tissues of the body. The third type of blood vessel is the vein. Although they are generally larger than the other blood vessels, veins tend to have thinner, less flexible walls, as they are not forced to deal with such high blood pressures. Venules (veins’ versions of arteries’ arterioles) connect the capillaries to the veins, which then transport blood back

When an artery in the brain is block (ie; TIA) open collateral vessels can allow blood to

(Mayo Clinic, 2013) Some surgical procedures used to treat CAD are angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery. (Mayo Clinic, 2013) The angioplasty surgery is when your doctor inserts a catheter to the blockage in the artery and threads the wire through the narrowed arteries. (Opening blocked coronary arteries: New questions about the old answer, nd., p.2) Once the balloon is in place, at the sight of the blockage, the balloon inflates which causes the plaque to crack and the artery to become free from blockage. (Opening blocked coronary arteries: New questions about the old answer, nd., p.2) The other surgical opinion for CAD is coronary artery bypass surgery is a procedure done by a doctor using a graft. (Mayo Clinic, 2013) The doctor will construct a graft to direct the blood flow around the blockage using existing blood vessels in the body. (Mayo Clinic, 2013) Due to the fact that this procedure requires open heart surgery, it is usually used for patients with several partial or full blockages. (Mayo Clinic, 2013)

The blood that does not cross the foramen ovale into the left atrium is emptied into the right ventricle which is then pumped into the pulmonary artery to be carried to the lungs. The third fetal shunt is encountered; the ductus arteriosus allows blood to be shunted from the pulmonary artery to the aorta and systemic arteries following. Blood that does go to the lungs are returned by the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and emptied into the left ventricle. (Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, Ch2 p 17-18) Shortly after birth due to changes in vascular resistance blood is redirected to the lungs for oxygenation and these shunts are no longer required leading to their closure within a few days postpartum. In HLHS, because the left heart structures are insufficient to receive and pump adequate amounts of oxygenated blood to supply the tissues the patency of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are essential to sustaining life. (PubMed – ADAM Medical Encyclopedia, 2013) Medical intervention is needed to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus and an atrial septal defect is created in place of the foramen ovale.

A surgeon removes blood vessels from other part of your body, which are then used to reroute the blood flow around the clogged blood vessel. This is a more invasive surgery that requires longer recovery time.

Cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes, will lead to brain damage that affects the functioning of executive function, memory, language, visuospatial performance and emotional states. Corresponding vertebral arteries and carotid arteries provide blood to the brain from the heart that the carotid arteries are internal and external sections of the thyroid cartilage. Where the optic nerve rests the internal artery distributes into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The vertebral arteries arise through the spinal vertebrae and meet the lower pons to form the basilar artery. The brain receives 15% to 20% of the oxygenated blood from the heart and can only endure fleeting interruptions of blood flow before neural operations

Cerebral Carotid ultrasound, this creates a detailed image of the interior of the carotid artier, which will show the buildup of fatty plaque the patient may have ("Diagnosis - Stroke - Mayo Clinic," 2015). Cerebral Angiogram, is a procedure in which a tube is inserted through the groin and dye is injected so the vessels become visible through X-ray image that will show the vessels in the brain and the neck. Echocardiogram is the sound waved the heart makes from the heart to the brain, this will show a blood clot that causes a stroke ("Diagnosis - Stroke - Mayo Clinic," 2015). The physician will also order some blood work to be done, they will look at blood clotting, sugar absorbency, any possible imbalances and any possible infections ("Diagnosis - Stroke - Mayo Clinic,"

This type of procedure is performed in a hospital or outpatient setting under the supervision of a certified Interventional Radiologist. Commonly performed procedures can include the treatment of varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, IVC filter placement, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), etc. This type of modern imaging has greatly decreased the amount of invasive surgeries as well as limits the cost for patients. With this procedure, imaging such as x-ray, CT, or ultrasound are used to guide the doctor through minor incisions into the body.

The short occipitovertebral artery separates into two arteries: the occipital artery and the vertebral artery, which connects to the skull and vertebral column respectively. The top of the right and left vena cava are connected to the jugular vein and flow into the lingual vein from the mouth and maxillary vein. The internal jugular vein however; as well as the subscapular vein from the shoulder, receive blood from the innominate vein. The blood flows directly into the subclavian vein, formed by the musculocutaneous veins from the muscles of the skin of the side and back, and into the brachial vein from the forelimb.

transluminal angioplasty in a 14-year-old girl with this disorder. Recessive inheritance was suggested by the

Cerebral Vascular Accident also known as a stroke, happens when the artery that supplies the blood flow to your brain becomes substantially blocked or completely blocked ("Overview - Stroke - Mayo Clinic," 2015). Without adequate blood supply the brain cells begin to die or become damaged. It is very important to get medical assistance as soon as you think you may be having a stroke, this will help lessen the damage done to the brain ("Overview - Stroke - Mayo Clinic," 2015).

Vascular dementia is the decrease of oxygen supply to the brain on account of a narrowing or blockage of a blood vessel, damaging and killing a percentage of the mind cells. The side effects can happen after one large stroke, or after some time with numerous little strokes. Indications of vascular dementia shift and may cover with those of Alzheimer's disease. Numerous individuals experience difficulty critical thinking or planning, thinking quickly and focusing. Likewise, they may likewise have brief periods when they get extremely confused (What is dementia).

There were no differences in age and education between the OSA group and the non-OSA group. There were higher rates of male patients (67% vs. 20%, p< 0.03) compared to those in the non-OSA group. Further, among those in the highest quartile of ischemic microvascular burden (highest quartile of both DWMH and PVH volumes), 80% of them were in the OSA group. Moreover, patients in the OSA group had a higher rate of having advanced lesions, such as beginning confluence of foci or large confluent areas, compared to those in the non-OSA group (t=2.96, p<0.001).

1. Angioplasty: Kereiakes and Wetherill write that “angioplasty is a procedure in which a heart doctor inserts a balloon catheter over a thin wire across an artery. The balloon is inflated and compresses the plaque to clear the arteries of any blockage.”(p. 106-107).