Article : Case-Control Study Of Ceervical Cancer

The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends cervical cancer screening with cytology testing (also known as a Pap Smear) every three years in women ages 21 to 65 (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2016a). The USPSTF has graded this recommendation with an “A” indicating that they have a high level of certainty that the screening will prove to be beneficial, rather than harmful to the patient (USPSTF, 2016a). However, if this patient would prefer to receive cervical cancer screening every five years, the USPSTF also has a high level of certainty that this will prove to beneficial rather than harmful if human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology are both performed during this screening (USPSTF, 2016a). The

Cervical cancer is when there are malignant cells present in the cervix; it is developed in the lining of the cervix. A cervix is a narrow opening located at the bottom of the uterus that leads into the vagina. Cervical cancer mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 55. This cancer can be prevented by screening for precancerous cells, and it can also be cured if it is detected at an early stage. Over the past few decades the number of cervical cancer cases has declined dramatically due to a more widespread screening of the disease. Today, it is estimated that 10,000 new

Assumptions for this analysis are conservative. The number of death prevented could be underestimated as less common HPV-related cancers, for example, anal cancer, are not included in the analysis. Additionally, race and ethnicity disparities could impact the mortality rate. Since black women have the highest cervical cancer mortality rate compared to other races ("The HPV Vaccine: Access and Use in the U.S.," 2015), and Georgia has a relatively large black population, the number of death caused by cervical cancer could be higher than estimated. Therefore, cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccine is potentially underestimated and the cost of each death prevented could be

Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,

The study was a secondary data analysis of existing patient records (record-based). This study made use of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database .The NIS database was developed by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). The NIS is the largest inpatient care database in the United States containing data from 1988 to 2013. It includes about 98 percent of all hospital discharges in the United States. NIS is a sample of hospitals that comprises approximately 95 percent of all hospital discharges in the United States. It consists of over hundred nonclinical and clinical data elements for each hospital stay. The four most recent available calendar years (2010 to 2013) were obtained for the analyses of cervical cancer mortality

HPV screening is accomplished by way of cervical cancer screening. In 2014, the fda approved the first hpv test for primary screening in females ages 25 to 65, however, current national guidelines are for the use of hpv testing to detect oncogenic serotypes, in the presence of an abnormal Pap test CITE 6 3. The current screening recommendations of the American Cancer Society, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, the American Society for Clinical Pathology, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as well as the U.S. Preventative Task force do not recommend cervical cancer screening for women under the age of 21. Between the ages of 21 and 29, the recommendation is for screening with a

Cervical screening is important for women because it is the best protection against developing the cervical cancer. It is the most avertable of all cancers. Surveys revealed that about 90% cases of the most common forms of cervical cancer could be prevented if women had smear tests every 3 years.

Statistic: According to 2015 report, 83 percent of women in the United States have been screened for cervical cancer. This number is low compared to the healthy people 2020 target, which is 93 percent. This can be explained by disparity in screening due to low income, uninsured, less educated, lack a source of health

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the United States (Ault, 2006). Almost all sexually active men and women will contract HPV at least once during their lifetime (What is HPV?, 2015). Sexually active women below the age of twenty-five consistently have the highest rates of infection (Ault, 2006). The development of the HPV vaccine in 2006 has decreased the prevalence of infection from 11.5% to 5.1% among females ages 14 to 19 (CDC, 2015). High-risk strains of HPV are also “detected in 99% of cervical cancer cases” (Valdez, Stuart, Tanjasari, Levy, & Garza, 2015, p. 106). Therefore HPV infection is one of the most significant risk factors in the development of cervical cancer.

This study aimed to determine if it is possible to more accurately identify women who are most likely to develop high grade dyskaryosis or invasive cervical cancer, and send only those for treatment, thus streamlining the current protocol by using immunostaining during the screening process.

current evidence available at the time of publication and on the natural history of HPV and cervical pre-cancer. High-risk HPV infections are very common in young women, but most of these infections are transient: as they are typically cleared spontaneously from the woman’s body eliminates them spontaneously. Only a the small percentage of all HPV infections that persist for many years may lead to invasive cancer. Cervical cancer usually develops slowly, taking 10–20 years from early precancer to invasive cancer, so cervical cancer is rare before the age of 30. Screening younger women will detect many lesions that will never develop into cancer, which will lead to considerable overtreatment, and is thus not cost-effective.

There are over a hundred strains of HPV but the most high risk strains, 16 and 18, have been shown to cause vulvar, vaginal, anal, and the most concerning, cervical cancer (Chan, Ng, & Wong, 2012). Cervical cancer, if detected early, is usually treatable. Regular screenings with Pap tests is critical for early detection. However, despite the extensive accessibility of Pap testing, disparities in cervical cancer still persist (United States Preventive Services Task Force, 2012).

Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and it is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. (Insinga, Glass, and Rush, 2004). This infection is prevalent among female ages 14-24 years (Roland, Benard, Soman, Breen, Kepka, Saraiya, 2013) and may occur within few years of first sexual intercourse but it may take many years to progress to

Many researchers show that cancer is one of the most preventable disease with an early screening. Like the cervical cancer, it is also preventable with the early screening. To prevent cancer or any other types of disease, it is an imperative to look at the cause and the risk factor that need to be avoided. Moreover, in the cancer screening, the National Clearinghouse guidelines develop certain guidelines in cancer prevention. If this prevention apply correctly to the patients who are at risk, there would be a great possibility to these people that they may not attend the cervical cancer, and also they may not reach to the level of complications or death. The guideline of the National Clearinghouse in cervical cancer prevention sets with the

In the United States, it is one of the eight-most common cancer of women. According to researches, the data shows that Hispanic women are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer than the general population and their median age at diagnosis is 48. In 1998, about 12,800 women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died. Among cancers of the female reproductive tract, it is less common than endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The rates of new cases in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004. Cervical cancer deaths decreased by approximately 74% in the