Artifical Intelligence Research

Language is one of the fundamentals things in Indian philosophy that every school almost their own language and philosophy of their language in order to understand their sacred texts correctly. Sphota in one this theory in Ancient Indian philosophy which is seen as communication device. In the Veda, Sphota is the ‘whole sentence unites’. Sphota is considered as the word or sentence which is single indivisible meaning bearing units. It means that sentence should not be consider is being made up of single words and words by letter. In linguistic discourse, they are symbol which is the meaning bearer. they are the articulated sounds and means by which merely the symbol is revealed. The Brahmanical tradition takes language as of Divine Origin and they consider language as valid resource of knowledge. There are two schools which made significant contribution to the philosophy of language in Indian philosophy which are the Mimamsa and philosophy of Grammar. The both school believe that the words and their relation to meaning are eternal and underived and impersonal. The beginning of language is untenable. There is only one real that manifests as many of words. It means that it does not have an ended point and does not have started point. Humans understand them from their birth till to their death. However, in this paper, I will argue that the relation of word and meaning is conventional arbitrary because of factors such as polysemous, homophones and homonyms,

Have you ever wondered how we speak? How about why our communication is considered a language and other animal’s communication is not considered language? A wide range of beliefs exist on what defines language. Thus, by exploring the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating language’s key features, the four levels of language structure and processing, and the role of language in Cognitive Psychology, an understanding of what language is becomes clear. Let us begin by defining language and a term named lexicon.

The backbone structure of language lies within two fundamental theories, continuity based theory and discontinuity based theory. Continuity theory suggests that human language is another form of animal communication, but it is far more complicated. It can “be can be derived evolutionarily by well-understood processes operating on the kind

The capabilities and limitations of United States human and intelligence collection programs has pretty much always relied upon the Central Intelligence Agency and their standard operating procedures in learning how to conduct some of these operations for recruiting, exploiting, and coercing possible assets into doing something they did not intend to do (Norwitz 2010). It would also seem that those same techniques are often employed within competing agencies, trying to stay relevant and ahead of their counterparts at the same time. After the Cold War, the intelligence community had to reevaluate their approach to collections and targeting with the new and emerging threats of the new century (Steele 2007).

Language can be described in three main ways. Clark (1996, cited in Gee & Hayes, 2011, p.6) called it a 'cognitive phenomenon, and talks of it as being the way we think or something that is in our heads. The second view of language is that it can

Intelligence analysis?is the process of taking known information about situations and bodies of strategic, operational, or tactical importance, characterizing the known, and, with appropriate statements of probability, the future actions in those situations and by those entities (Richards, 2010).?The descriptions are drawn from what may only be available in the form of deliberately deceptive information; the?analyst?must correlate the similarities among deceptions and extract a common truth. Although its practice is found in its purest form inside national?intelligence agencies, its methods are also applicable in fields such as business intelligence?or?competitive intelligence.

During my reading about intelligence, I found the existence of a general intelligence interesting. This is usually designated "g" and people who have do well on IQ tests typically do well on all areas. This shows that different cognitive functions are, in some ways, linked. I thought that was surprising. 

Jean Piaget has been perhaps the most influential developmental psychologist of the twentieth century. His studies of the growth of intelligence in Swiss school children became the basis of a general theory of intelligence that has since been applied in the fields of psychology, education, anthropology, and primatology, to name just a few. While his theory was based on studies of children, it was always Piaget's intention that the theory be applicable to all sequences of development; human children simply provided the most complete and observable sequence.

Second, the authors discuss biosemiotics. This approach to evolution suggests the importance of a primary and a secondary module of language. Chomsky has traced the similarities between two scholars coming to the conclusion that language has biological roots; it is a modeling system, and a few more. There was a difference that is surrounded around the cognitive development and the brain. The development of the brain is followed in the development of language. This is thought to be only after the human has been born. Chomsky had similar innovations in his study of linguistics; he replaced behaviorism of Skinner (1959) with modern cognitive base, which the introduced an innate type of universal grammar and a common program of principles called “minimalist programme” (679). Also modern linguistics separates two

Learning language is not only about learning the grammar or the syntax but we can know more than that with language. Based on the existence of language, we can know the system that human before us used to communicate which will bring us to the study of sociology. Apart from that, we can learn how our amazing brain works to produce and to memorize the system of the language that we have been using to speak or to write since we were a baby, through the help from the study of psychology. In addition, we can be exposed by several natures of language that we might overlook such as the existence of specific system in languages, the uniqueness of the language and the identification of a society based on the language used. A language serves several purposes to human being in their daily life. Working, eating, even sleeping, we need certain kind of system for us to be able to perform those activities in our life. The transformation of language within several hundred years gives a lot of significance to the current world too, as language is an important medium to the world to communicate and it becomes easier and easier to learn as the time goes by. Hence, the area of linguistic is an interesting journey to be explored and more knowledge will be discovered from time to

There is much discrepancy among linguists regarding the origins of language. Most linguists argue that only specific influences gave rise to the language system that exists today. Some linguists, like Noam Chomsky, argue that language is an innate function of human nature while others, like Daniel Everett, posit that language is solely a cultural product. As a result of this debate, the question arises: What are the true origins of language? The human need to communicate and to express ideas is a true instinct that leads to the development of language. Therefore, rather to say that language has a single origin, it is more probable to say that language is a synergistic product of established human neurological and biological processes that

Linguistics is a scientific study of language, because it shares with other sciences a concern to be objective, systematic, consistent and explicit in its account of language. Like other sciences it aims to collect data, test hypotheses, subject matter, however, is unique. At one extreme it overlaps with such hand sciences as physics and anatomy, at the other, it involves such traditional arts subjects as philosophy and literary criticism.

The hypothesis is aligned to Chomsky’s theory of UG. In simple words: “Communication” is the meaningful exchange of information between two or more participants (human and non-human) through sounds, gestures, movements, etc., those things constituent isolated signals to transmit very specific messages. On the other hand, “Language” is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication. The term Universal Grammar is the name that Noam Chomsky gives, as the very name implies, to those grammatical features that are shared by all derivations of human language.

Along with the language faculty, Universal Grammar is another theory that comes out of Linguistic Nativism. Universal Grammar says that not only is the ability to acquire language innate, but so are certain grammatical structures. In any two given languages, there may be differences in the subject-verb-object order, or differences on how to make the past and future tenses, and differences on how to negate, but still languages generally have all of these structures. These similarities across languages lead to the theory that humans have within them a universal grammar that defines the underlying structure of all human languages. Regardless of word order, basic concepts like nouns and verbs are still there.

On Language is structured by combining two previously written books by Chomsky, 1979's Language and Responsibility, and 1975's Reflections on Language. Furthermore, the latter of these works was actually composed of two distinct parts, so that in actuality, readers of On Language are getting three literary works within this one volume. As a result of that fact, there are a frequent