Artificial Intelligence In Chapppie

One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the

Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. One of the subjects is a person, the other is the computer. The goal is for the person to imitate a computer and the computer to imitate the person. If the interrogator is fooled into thinking that the computer is the human then the computer, according to Turing, is concluded to have the ability to think and thus, have a mind. Turing argued that machines passing the Turing Test were sufficient for ascribing thought.

The definition of intelligence has strongly been debated over for many centuries, and many individuals have their arguments for what it is. So what is really the true meaning of intelligence? Some, such as college professor of psychology, Carol S. Dweck, strongly believes that intelligence is something achieved through large amounts effort and having optimistic mindsets as inferred in her article, “The Secret to Raising Smart Kids”. However, on the other hand, successful author of best selling novel “Steve Jobs”, Walter Isaacson, claims that intelligence is an abstract idea that is derived from ingenuity and applying creativity to life and other material concepts. With almost completely opposite sets of beliefs, it is likely that Dweck will not agree with Isaacson’s nation of intelligence being derived from natural intuition rather than raw intelligence.

Understanding the notion of the Chinese room requires a bit of an explanation. Imagine you are solely an English speaking person in a room by yourself, armed with a pencil, and the only things on the walls are a series of instructions and rules. There is a door in the room, and on the other side is a Chinese speaking person. This Chinese speaker is able to slide cards under the door upon which are written Chinese symbols and sentences. The instructions written on the walls allow you to respond appropriately to each symbol, well enough so that the Chinese speaker is fooled into thinking you have a formidable grasp of Chinese. Now imagine that instead of a Chinese speaker outside the room, there is an English speaker, and the same things are written. You would still respond appropriately, convincing the other that you are a native English speaker, which of course, you are. Searle feels that the two positions are unique in that, in the first instance, you are "manipulating uninterpreted formal symbols," simply an instantiation of a computer program. In the second instance, you actually understand the English being given to you.

Due to the fact that Searle is inside the room and does not actually understand Chinese, he claims the Chinese Room cannot be cognitively. Therefor, the Chinese Room would be functionally equivalent but not cognitively equivalent to the native Chinese speakers and furthermore, if the Chinese Room can imitate understanding without truly having it, then both Strong AI and Functionalism would have to be invalid. Functionalism’s imperative is to show that functional equivalence must always equal cognitive equivalence, so if one could show functional equivalence did not equal cognitive equivalence then Functionalism would be invalid. Additionally, if a computer or some other system could imitate intelligence without retaining understanding, then strong AI would be invalid as well. Strong AI is the view that if a machine can successfully imitate human intelligence in a way that it becomes functionally and cognitively equivalent to a mind, then the computer itself is a mind. Strong AI and its advocates respond to Searle’s claims by applying the Systems Reply. The Systems Reply states that despite the fact that Searle does not understand Chinese in the Chinese Room, the system as a whole does in fact understand Chinese. Just because Searle, or the

John Searle uses the Chinese room argument as an example to explain Artificial Intelligence and if computers do/can think. John Searle believes that the person sitting inside the Chinese room does not understand Chinese at all because he has no knowledge of Chinese, much less understands it. Seeing that he has no knowledge of Chinese, giving him a simple rule book helping him answer Chinese questions in Chinese still does not give him any understanding of Chinese. When we replace the Chinese symbols the person is trying to interpret with a computer database, and the rule book with a computer program, it is clear to see what Searle is trying to imply.

Searle thought that computers can’t think because they are programmed and lack the biological means to think. John Searle’s argument uses the difference between strong artificial intelligence and weak or cautious artificial intelligence. Strong Artificial intelligence will make it seem that an appropriately programmed computer will be able to seem like it can think and understand. Computers can seem to trick people into thinking

Not everyone is the same; some learn better than others, but only a fraction of those people who can’t learn as fast want to be intelligent. In the book Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, the reader is introduced to a intellectually disabled man named Charlie Gordon who is trying to become smarter and will try his hardest to do so. He had an operation that tripled his I.Q. , Later, in the story Charlie’s stroy unravels even further and we see what this knewly aquired intellegence does for him and a little mouse named Algernon who had the same operatoin as him. Charlie Gordon’s experience with the artificial intelligence operation was positive.

According to the creators of the experiment, proponents of strong artificial intelligence - those who claim that adequate computer programs can understand natural language or possess other properties of the human mind, not simply simulate them - must admit that either the room understands the Chinese language, or passing the Turing test is not enough proof of intelligence. For the creators of the experiment none of the components of the experiment includes Chinese, and therefore, even if the set of components exceeds the test, the test does not confirm that the person actually understands Chinese, since as we know Searle does not know that language.

The debate between those who are in favor of strong and weak artificial intelligence (AI) is directly related to the philosophy of mind. The claim of weak AI is that it is possible to run a program on a machine, which will behave as if it were a thinking thing. Believers of strong AI say that it is possible to create a program running on a machine which not only behaves as if it were thinking, but does actually think. Strong AI followers argue that an installation of a computer program is considered a mind as real

The article directly argues the positives and negatives of artificial intelligence, with many references to pop culture through film. The article focuses on films where artificial intelligence threatens to take over or harm humankind and focuses on these films’ relations to the play, Rossum’s Universal Robots, by Czech writer, Karel Capek. The article is a good source for arguing for and against the information that most people know about artificial intelligence, which is basically what most people have seen on TV or in movies. The article is a good source for someone looking to incorporate the common pop culture opinions of robotics and artificial

John Searle developed two areas of thought concerning the independent cognition of computers. These ideas included the definition of a weak AI and a strong AI. In essence, these two types of AI have their fundamental differences. The weak AI was defined as a system, which simply were systems that simulations of the human mind and AI systems that were characterized as an

Cleverbot is a chatterbot that passed the Turing test in 2011. It was rated 59.3% human by the judges. Considering that their human counterparts got 63.3%, Cleverbot is quite a manlike chatbot. How is this possible? How did it trick the judges into believing that they were actually talking with a human? Unlike other chatterbots, Cleverbot uses machine learning. Every time a user says something, Cleverbot learns from it. Since 1997, Cleverbot has engaged in about 65 million conversations and it has been storing all of them in a huge database. It refers to human responses which are stored in the database every time they encounter questions. Moreover, it doesn’t decide the most suitable answer by depending only on the last reply- it reflects on

Defining intelligence is extremely difficult and researchers now think that there are lots of different aspects to it, including; social, logical, creative, emotional and practical intelligence. The correct representation of the word is arguably a matter of opinion as there are many different definitions. With this argument in mind, it makes the task of arguing a Computers level of intelligence (if any) harder as, ultimately, each person’s definition could be different. A part of being intelligent is the ability for something/someone to be able to think for themselves which most computers aren’t able to do as they are simply programmed to perform certain functions which means that they are not in control of their response. However modern technologies have the propensity to make decisions based on an input from an end user. For example Apples ‘Siri’ service turns voice commands in visual and audio responses.

In attempting to answer the question of whether machines are able to think, Turing redesigns the question around the notion of machines’ effectiveness at mimicking human cognition. Turing proposes to gauge such effectiveness by a variation of an ‘imitation game,’ where a man and a woman are concealed from an interrogator who makes