Artificial Reproductive Technology ( Art )

Chile's health system has been evolving rapidly in recent years. The assigned role of the Chilean Medical Association has focused on medical ethics codes, and laws. Social organizations have emerged during the last decade and have been working together with the Chilean Fertility Society to change public health policies and attitudes in order to increase the access of people to modern reproductive technology. The current government has passed the August Law which decriminalizes abortion under three circumstances, the government also signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which establishes safe healthcare as a human right.(6) “Today, women have won, democracy has won, all of Chile has won,” said Bachelet(2). On the other hand, Reproductive technology, assisted reproductive technology (ART), is utilized but faces opposition from factors of social-religious conservatism, and gender-based discrimination. While reproductive technologies can be accessed by those who can afford out of pocket funding, most of the population relies on public healthcare, resulting in less than 4% of the population receiving treatment.(5) In this sense, more research of reproductive technologies, specifically mitochondrial transfer, should be reliant on biomedical research of genetic on bioethical levels, as gene therapy is authorized only for the purpose of treating diseases or preventing their appearance(4). In this sense, the mitochondrial

Infertility has become so widespread today that the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized it as a disease (World Health Organization 2009). In developed countries, approximately 15% of the population is infertile (Petraglia, Serour & Chapron 2013), and infertility in females alone accounts for 37% of these causes (Unuane et al. 2011). Over the past decade, efficient techniques aimed at treating infertility have become widely available throughout the developed world and have been the subject of public discussion and media attention. These range from non-invasive techniques such as the use of fertility drugs aimed at hormonal stimulation, to more invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or intrauterine insemination. In the midst of increasing

Assisted reproductive technologies is “any fertilization consisting of tampering with of gametes/ embryos outside the female body and then putting the gametes/embryos into the female body.” (Donchin 11) These procedures offers a way for several of families who have spent countless time attempting to have a child of their own, but have drained all other possibilities, to do so. The new advancement in reproductive technologies give significant aid to couples who are unable to reproduce, and make many new reproductive arrangements possible. The different options available for adults considering childrearing in unusual ways under new reproductive methods are two-party and third-party assisted reproduction. Assisted reproduction can raise some ethical

Many women are eager to become a mother, but infertility prevents some women from satisfying this need. To counter this widespread problem, we develop reproductive choices. One of the most important choices is in vitro fertilization. Even though this method significantly increases pregnancy rate in infertile women, it comes with the problem. Underlying in vitro fertilization is research on living human embryos. We need to research on countless living embryos in order to develop clinical in vitro fertilization. This stirs public attention on its morality. Society asks: Are we killing thousands of human life while we are developing method to give birth to other ones? This question is crucial because it is asking very foundation of our

Deborah L. Spar’s book, The Baby Business, provides an eye opening experience about surrogacy and the selling of eggs without women becoming pregnant. I am surprised to know how people in general and the field of medicine in particular can and has find ways to make the process of procreation possible and a accessible through marketing. Considering the time of Abraham when Sara who longed to have a child asked her husband to give her a child through her maid and claim him/her as her own, was

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) can be very helpful for certain patients, but ethical concerns have been raised about the inherent nature of specific techniques and the contexts in which many techniques are used. Physicians play important roles in supporting those who wish to become parents and in educating patients about impediments to fertilization and ways to promote conception. We discuss various ethical issues surrounding ARTs, including family relationships, informed choice, gender issues, embryo status and the commercialization of reproduction, as well as legal and policy issues. We examine the empirical evidence of the effectiveness of ARTs and suggest ways to

Medical and Technological advances have discovered new ways of genetic engineering. This genetic engineering could be helpful to society in eliminating diseases from family blood lines. However, many people fear this could be the beginning of Designer Babies. This is a baby that has been genetically modified to meet the appeal of the parents. Such modification could include changing eye color, hair color, skin color, height, athleticism, IQ, and the list goes on. Now at first it sounds great, here we can eliminate disease and make a stronger society. However this would be far from the truth. Let’s ask ourselves, how could the Designer Baby affect society as a whole? This would cost a considerable amount of money, meaning only the wealthier

Genetic engineering is the modification of the genes to be able to change the characteristics of the person. “Designer babies” is when the parents choose the genetic information of the child, while in embryo. The genetic engineering will occur hand in hand with in vitro fertilization. For “designer babies” to actually be created, the parents need a donor with the genes the parents want inserted in their child. Whereas, genetic therapy is the changing of the person’s genes after they have been born. Gene therapy occurs by inserting healthy genes into the person’s genetic code to repair that code.

The women in the body explore the different ways that women’s reproduction is seen in the American culture. The experiences of women vary from society to society, culture to culture and how the science dominated the human body, especially women body. Martin explains that the industrial revolution affects women reproductive health. The dominant metaphors in biomedical science for the delivery of babies came from the arena of industrial

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is a method that allows individuals the ability to biologically conceive a child. Individual’s who use the in vitro fertilization method has the opportunity to identify genetic defects in the embryos by using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PDG) . However, having this ability raises various ethical issues.

The principles of ethics can assist in finding a middle ground on reproductive technologies by forcing the healthcare provider to consider first the patient and their well-being above all else, yet keeping in consideration the benefits and morality of the care they are giving. More often than not, there are more than two sides to every argument, especially when it comes to the latest reproductive technologies. “To obtain justifiable resolutions of these

In their booked titled, Health Care Ethics (2014), Furlong & Morrison noted the following: “National debate over this issue continues as the incidence of infertility increases and new techniques become available. Without a consensus about what is morally acceptable, a huge, profitable, and virtually unregulated “baby business” has grown and expanded” (Callahan, 2014). Advances in reproduction technology evolves at such accelerated rate, the challenge in affectively regulating this field continues to impede the progress from an ethical standpoint. There are several different methods of reproductive technologies that are available today, and each impact our moral compass in more ways than one. (IVF) or in vitro fertilization, (GIFT) or gamete intrafallopian transfer, and (ZIFT) or zygote intrafallopian transfer are some example of technological advances that effect our ethical choices (McConchie, 1999). Each one of these procedures, challenge the notion of ethics and safety of mother and fetus; which is where the ethical dilemma comes into play and a common ground needs to be

Statistics, for example, show that maternal mortalities are almost twenty times higher in developing countries where this type of care (midwives, and medical service) is not available. To further support the benefits of obstetric care, the World Health Organization puts out an estimate of 15% of women require serious medical intervention to prevent long-term complications in their futures. Furthermore, a religious community that declined professional care showed absolutely no decline in maternal mortality when compared with that of 100 years ago. These facts demonstrate the importance of the medical professionals available to us and the impact they have had over time. In some ways, the author explains how medicalization of childbirth may have come too far. For example, the enormous number of caesarean sections performed in Brazil and Spain leave mothers with lifelong health concerns as a result of damage caused by the instruments used during the procedures. This also takes away from the perspective of birth as a "normal physiological process" (Johanson, 106), with which women are less informed about risks involved and given fewer choices in terms of the medical professionals available to assist them. Although they are often overshadowed by the ethical discussions about new reproductive technologies, the health risks associated with the techniques are also an issue. The Assisted Human Reproductive Act fails to recognize the severity of some of the issues and has been criticized for its failure to avoid discrimination (Harris, 99). One problem is the opinion that certain NRT's are too "experimental" (Unit 3, 57). Most of the drugs given to aid in the conception process are new and not

Since the beginning of time, women have had problems becoming pregnant. Artificial birth methods have been around since the 1500's in countries other than the United States. New technology has allowed many women to become pregnant who otherwise would never have been able to conceive. These methods give women the ability to enjoy motherhood. Cesarean sections, Infertility drugs, and IVF methods have had a rapid usage growth in the United States in the last twenty years. All three of these artificial birth methods are used daily by doctors and medical professionals, with IVF methods being used to least.

Discuss some of the anthropological challenges raised by the introduction of NRT’s (New Reproductive Technologies).