Artriovenous Anastomosis

Blood gets filtered in the kidney; controls pH, water, and salt balance, and eliminate waste products from the body.

The effect that increasing Na+Cl- concentration had on osmotic pressure was that the pressure also

In this case will the early fluid loss the extracellular compartment is likely to be affected. (VanMeter, Hubert p 20)

Consequently, the efferent arteriole, which filters blood away from the glomerulus, is tinier in diameter than the afferent arteriole, which carries blood into each glomerulus. This puts blood under high pressure in the glomerulus; thus it forces tiny molecules and liquid out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. Soon afterwards, the tiny and liquid molecules cross the epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule, the basement membrane and capillary wall in order to get into the Bowman’s capsule and to arrive in the nephron tubules. The consequence of this is that the filtrate (the tiny and liquid molecules) pass along the remainder of the nephron and helpful substances are reabsorbed along the route. Last of all, “the filtrate flows through the collecting duct and passes out of the kidney along the ureter” as mentioned by (Parson’s, R: p128).

the kidney nephron. What other substances must be transported from the tubular fluid into the PCT cell

The kidneys filter fluid and waste products from the blood into the urine, but when the heart cannot pump adequately, the kidneys malfunction and cannot remove excess fluid from the blood. This is because when the heart is no longer pumping efficiently it becomes congested with blood, causing pressure to build up in the main vein connected to the kidneys and leading to even more congestion of blood, except this time in the kidneys as well. The kidneys also suffer from the reduced supply of oxygenated blood because of decreased pulmonary circulation. Both of these when combined together are the main factors as to why kidney filtration decreases due to left sided heart failure.

Because of very high glomerular filtration rates, nearly the entire volume of the blood enters the renal tubules every 30 minutes. Obviously, most of it must be reabsorbed to avoid

1. What specific part of the kidney does the dialysis tubing represent? What is the function of this part?

Every day the kidney’s filter on an average of about 120 to 150 quarts of blood that produces 1 to 2 quarts of urine that has extra fluid and waste. The importance of the kidney is to keep the blood stable so the body can function properly. The fluids that are removed from the body help prevent blood cells and large molecules (proteins) from passing. Once filtered it can pass through the tubule that sends minerals back into the blood stream to remove waste (niddk.nih.gov).

Hypoalbuminemia can cause osmotic pressure which leads to a shift of fluid from the bloodstream to the interstitial tissue causing edema. A decreased in the blood volume from the fluid shift triggers the kidney to preserve water and sodium which leads the edema to becoming worse. Anemia, peritonitis, infection, thrombosis, poor growth and renal failure are some complications of Nephrotic Syndrome (Kyle & Carman, 2013).

This purification process is done by the lysosomes that the kidneys and liver have (IvyRose). If Timmy is losing lysosomes, his blood cannot be detoxified and filtered properly. The kidneys will not be able to get rid of the waste by making the urine and will not do their job of maintaining right blood levels and levels of water (Holistic Health). Therefore, this blood that is full of waste materials will again be spread in all of his systems. When this happens, the blood cannot give the needed nutrients and other substances, causing many problems with the functions in his

Blood enters the kidney through the hilus artery. The artery branches into smaller and smaller arteries and arterioles. Complete the sequence below:

Both of our kidneys functions to filter and excrete waste products and toxins by regulating fluids, electrolytes, and acid based balance. If the Renal blood flow is altered then the glomerular filtration rate will be altered as well. A decrease in systemic pressure stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to constrict the renal artery and decreases filtration and secretion in the kidney. In addition, a tubular obstruction can lead to the reduction of Glomerular filtration rate. An elevated intracellular calcium level due to tubular damage may alter cellular level that increases tubuloglomerular feedback and diminishes GFR. This may be prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal. The prerenal will result from any condition outside of the kidney that disables the blood to flow to the renal vasculature causing a decrease in perfusion in the glomerulus leading to oliguria. However, both of the kidneys can still return to its full normal function on this stage. Second of the three is intrarenal, where anything can cause a direct damage to both of the kidneys such as infections, toxins, reduce blood supply, hypertension, diabetes, and even glomerulonephritis. The most common intrarenal condition is Acute Tubular Necrosis, where the epithelial layer of the nephrons are damaged causing a change in the concentration of urine, waste filtration, and an imbalance in electrolytes and acid

19.   True or False:  The renal system (the kidneys) is very important in regulating plasma osmolarity, plasma volume, and the body's electrolyte balance.     True

According to kidney.org, “Some urine tests require only a couple of tablespoonfuls of urine...other tests require collection of all urine produced for a full 24 hours. A 24-hour urine test shows how much urine your kidneys produce in one day. The test also can give an accurate measurement of how much protein leaks from the kidney into the urine in one day.” Urine tests can be extremely helpful in a diagnosis of renal failure. The other-blood tests, like GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate), measure how well the kidneys are removing wastes and excess fluid from the blood. There are many other blood tests. Regardless, both blood and urine tests are a very good way to test to determine kidney failure (Coresh, 2014). Once a patient is identified with renal failure, the medical evaluation takes place. This includes, but is a surgery to place a healthy kidney from a different person’s body which will do enough of the work that the two failed kidneys used to do to keep the patient healthy and symptom free of renal failure (Smith, 2013). Peritoneal dialysis is a procedure that removes extra water, certain not limited to, the determination of the stage and the cause (Snyder,