As A Result, The Change Of Global Business Environment

Global economics affects the decisions of firms, governments, and individuals in the United State in many different ways. The World Trade Organization manages the rules and trade between nations and has a significant impact on intellectual property rights. Intellectual property rights refer creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast free trade and protectionist theories, analyze how the global environment functions on a micro and macro level within the context of the World Trade Organization, analyze the two-level game theory and how organizations make financial decisions in a globalized environment, and determine which parties benefit from either increasing or decreasing trade restriction.

“The right conferred by the patent grant is, in the language of the statute and of the grant itself, “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States or “importing” the invention into the United States. What is granted is not the right to make, use, offer for sale, sell or import, but the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the invention. Once a patent is issued, the patentee must enforce the patent without aid of the USPTO” (ALEXANDRIA 1).

Protection of intellectual property are investments based on acquired knowledge, thought and effort by one or multiple individuals on behalf of themselves, the business they work for when the property is created, and a financial investment. Each of these – acquired knowledge, thought, physical effort, financial investment – have a value that can be attached as it relates the usefulness or importance of the resulting product. That value will have a level of importance to the individual(s) creating the product and if applicable, the investor providing the funds in support of the creation.

Article 1, Section 8 covers patent and copyright but it is specifically noted that the protections under these definitions are not automatically

It is intended both to provide thumbnail descriptions of the various intellectual property regimes to economists working in this area and to indicate where additional economic research might be useful. The other papers in this symposium provide important examples of ongoing research on the economics of intellectual property. Suzanne Scotchmer analyzes the complex effects of patent protection when innovation is cumulative. Rather than analyzing situations in which several firms vie to develop the same innovation-the approach of the "patent race" literature-her analysis examines circumstances in which only one firm can develop an initial innovation but others can also build upon it. She focuses on how the incentive to develop both the initial and subsequent inventions may be affected by the scope of patent protection. Janusz Ordover considers ways of adjusting the patent system that may help to both provide returns to the inventor, and encourage the diffusion of the innovation in the economy. His paper is part of a line of work that explores the place of the intellectual property system among the large number of institutions that affect the amount and nature of research and development that takes place. In the final paper, David

These intellectual properties included patents and trademarks. Unfortunately, nations are still struggling to adopt a consistent international legal system that governs the intellectual property. They often have restrictions which includes geographical/and field use limitations and customer restriction. The Paris Convention is a guarantee that in each signatory country, foreign trademark and patent application from other signatory countries will receive the same treatment. According to United States Patent and Trademark Offices (2009) a patent for an invention is the grant of a property right to the inventor. There were problems and drawbacks with this particular agreement so in 1970 the patent cooperation Treaty was adopted. This particular agreement addresses the centralized utility patent application process (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2009). A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others United States Patent and Trademark (2009). Riordan Manufacturing makes plastic products in the United States and decided to move the plant that makes Pontiac products to China. This was a way to produce goods cheaper than in the United States and enter the market international. When making this move into the international market Riordan Manufacturing has trademarks on their plastic bottles and other plastic products

Intellectual property is a broad term that is used to refer to the rights that the owner of an invention or an artwork enjoys. An example of intellectual property law is the Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), which gives individual rights such as patent, designs, and trademark. Intellectual property is contained in the Article 2(viii) of the convention, which led the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Literary works, inventions, discoveries, trademarks, and industrial designs are among the rights that are provided in WIPO. Intellectual property in Australia has a strong judicial support.

In the Apollo Group stimulation, “Addressing international legal and ethical issues” (2004), CadMex and Gentura have a pharmaceutical drug partnership located in Candore. The partnership specifies contracts for International Sale of Goods as a choice of law and International Arbitration to solve disputes. Later an outbreak of a viral infection creates a health emergency in Candore, and the Candorean government places threat to suspend the ViroBlax drug patent. If CadMex refuses to provide sublicensing of ViroBlax, the Candorean government will suspend CadMex’s patent on ViroBlax and provide compulsory licenses for domestic manufacture of generic ViroBlax. According to “World Trade Organization” (2012), “compulsory licensing is when a government allows someone else to produce the patented product or process without the consent of the patent owner. It is one of the flexibilities on patent protection included in the WTO’s agreement on intellectual property” (What is compulsory licensing?). Sublicensing will take time and money to ensure the other pharmaceutical companies meet CadMex standards, and production requirements. However allowing sublicensing will preclude the need to suspend the patent and CadMex will still receive royalty payments due as

Jain, S. C., & Bird, R. (2008). The Global Challenge of Intellectual Property Rights. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

-One can achieve a high level of innovation in some areas of the modern economy without the intellectual property protection – “excessive, unbalanced or poorly designed IP protections may be counterproductive”

Therefore, protection of patents is one of the key conditions necessary for further development of the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, non-efficient legislation that does not provide the necessary level of patent protection is one of the factors that hamper expansion of “Big Pharmaceutical” companies to the developing countries8.

For much of human history the concept of intellectual property did not exist however due to the wide spread progress and extension of international trade need for protection of intellectual property is felt and this led to the “ Paris Convention for protection of industrial property” followed by Berne Convention and which led to the establishment of World Intellectual Property Organisation.

India must seriously examine its Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) position and see how best TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) can be interpreted, as IPR laws are national laws. India should cull the best points from various laws to suit her future needs.

Apple Incorporation, to advance its Code of Conducts and efficient operation, has made the decision to disclose the names and locations of supplier factories. In 2014, Apple Incorporation released the supplier’s responsibility report that was describing the standard responsibilities and the Companies approved projections regarding the labor practices. Amenability is one of critical aspect to consider in terms of company’s development, thus providing entree to elemental requirements is of importance to both the public and employee advocacy

Despite every last bit of its success, the GATT/WTO framework has encountered numerous setbacks. All throughout history, individuals have progressively turned to making coalitions. These coalitions are normally settled on a topical principle, as no two WTO individuals are liable to have vague interests. (Meckling, 2011; Gilbert, 2013).