ASHOKA
(SARACA ASOCA)
Classification[4]
Kingdom
Divison
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Plantae
Magnoliophyta
Mgnoliopsida
Fabales
Caesalpinaceae
Saraca
Asoca
DEVSTHALI VIDYAPEETH COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CONTANTS
Introduction………………………………………………………………01
Synonyms……………………………………………………………………01
Biological source…………………………………………………….01
Geographical source…………………………………………….01
Cultivation and collection………………………………..02
Macroscopic Characters…………………………………….03
Botanic description……………………………………………...04
Microscopic Characters…………………………………….05-06
Chemical constituents…………………………………………07
Adulterant…………………………………………………………………..08
Chemical Test……………………………………………………………08
Biological and Pharmalogical activity………09
Uses of
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[3]
Stem
Transverse section of stem is circular. Small rounded to oval projecting lenticles are present on the surface. Epidermis is single layered with thin cuticle. Below the epidermis, 5-6 layers of cork are seen. Cortex is 12-16 layered. In the middle region of cortex, 3-5 layers of stone cells are clearly visible. Just above, the phloem region is very distinct and contains tannin cells. Cambium is very clear and is 2-3 layered. Xylem region is composed mostly of tracheids and a few vessels. Primary xylem is prominent. There is prominent pith, composed of thin walled parenchyma and many of the pith cells contain polygonal calcium oxalate crystals. [3]
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DEVSTHALI VIDYAPEETH COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Root
In transverse section, the root appears somewhat circular in outline. The outermost zone is cork, composed of 8-10 layers of tangentially elongated thick walled cells. Phellogen is not distinct. Inner to the cork region, secondary cortex having two distinct zones are seen. The upper zone consists of 5-7 layers of thin walled parenchyma cells, some of them containing few small rounded starch grains. Below this parenchymatous one, 3-5 layers of mechanical cells are distinctly seen, of these the outer layer is schlerenchymatous and the inner layers are stone cells. Following this
The outer most layer of the skin or Epidermis contains stratified squamous, keratinized, epithelial tissue; which lacks blood vessels, and the cells are packed closely together (Sloane, 1994, p.85)
The third layer is the one where the Yanomamo live in, which they say was created when a piece of the second layer fell off. The bottom most layer, the Yanomamo say, was created when the sky fell to earth on top of a particular settlement, and pushed it down through to the underside; the people of the settlement were forced to eat each other. The belief that souls are regularly carried off to be eaten below reflects the Yanomamo’s fear of cannibalism.
The skin is divided into three different parts including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. This region of the skin has no blood cells or blood vessels running through it. All of the nutrients that the epidermis needs are received through diffusion from the dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. The epidermis is made of five separate layers: the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum. Starting at the innermost layer, the stratum basale is where mitosis of keratinocytes takes place. This layer of the epidermis also contains melanocytes which give the skin it’s pigment. As mitosis takes place in the stratum
The three layers that make up healthy skin: Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis. Epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. This layer provides a thick, water proof protective covering over the underlying skins. The dermis layer is composed of primarily of dense, irregular, fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen and elastin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerve ending, and epidermally derived cutaneous oranges such as sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. The last layer is Hypodermis this layer is composed primarily of loose dead skin. The fat layer provides cushioning and insulation for
The stratum spinosum is also known as the prickly layer. It is superficial to the stratum basale. This is many
In the 1500’s in Peru, there was a king named Huayna (Wayna) Capac, the third Sapa Inca ruler, the sixth of the Hanan dynasty, and the eleventh ruler of the Inca civilization. He appointed on of his sons to rule after he died, but as Huayna died of small pox in 1528, so did his elected son, Ninan Cuyuchi. Due to this sudden lack of leadership two of his other sons jumped into action to claim the throne. One, the favored son, Atahualpa ruled in the north, and his older half brother, Huascar, ruled in the south until it came to a full on civil war that lasted six years. In the end Atahualpa won the war and killed his half brother, his family, historians, and destroyed the Incan Quipu records. This was all done to create a sense of total renewal, and was called Pachakuti (turning over of time and space).
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum’s outer layer. It is divided into four lobes, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
It is a translucent membrane with a pearly gray color and a prominent cone of light in the anteroinferior quadrant, which is the reflection of the otoscope light (Jarvis 2012). Normally the tympanic membrane has three layers. Those are, the outer epithelial layer, the inner mucosal layer, and middle fibrous layer.
medulla, the cortex, and the cuticle. The medulla is the deepest layer and is only seen in large
Brain is located in the cranial cavity of the bony skull and envelopped in meninges. It constitues the majority of the CNS that is about 98%. The neocortex (cerebral cortex) is the outer layer of the brain that covers the whole brain, not one side or the other. It is a functionally organized wrinkled layer lies outer part of the brain that you see in pictures of the brain with convolutions namely gyri and sulci.
Stratum Granulosum is another shallow layer; it is made up 3 to 5 layers of flat packed grainy cells called kertaohylain cells which act similar to a water filter, to absorb any foreign bodies. This eases water loss and keeps up hydration in the skin.
That layer of cells forms a barrier between the capillaries and the cells and fluid of the brain.
Look at the photo of a Pacinian corpuscle. Notice the onion-like bulb of connective tissue. Describe briefly —