Aspiration Pneumoniis

Exhalation, (breathing out), is the opposite of inhalation and occurs when the inspiratory muscles relax causing the diaphragm to depress which decreases the lung volume. This decrease in volume causes the alveolar pressure to increase therefore the carbon dioxide in the lungs flows from a high pressure to a lower pressure in the atmosphere. (Tortora & Derrickson, 2011)

* Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation

Aspiration is another complication that is common among patients with feeding tubes. Aspiration is when food enters the lungs causing the person to choke. The reported

The presence of fluid in the alveolar space could potentially cause the lung capacity to be effected as well.

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

Aspiration, or the entry of foreign substances such as food or fluids into the lungs, may cause hypoxia or respiratory distress. Therefore, this is the highest priority in establishing the client's plan of care.

Pneumonia is described in Tabers cyclopedia medical dictionary, “as inflammation of the lungs, usually due to an infection with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms” (p.1833)

From investigation in health practices, ventilator associated pneumonia caught my attention. “Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. Most episodes of VAP are thought to develop from the aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions containing potentially pathogenic organisms. Aspiration of gastric secretions may also contribute, though likely a lesser degree. Tracheal intubation interrupts the body’s anatomic and physiologic defenses against aspiration, making mechanical ventilation a major risk for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia. Semi-recumbent positioning of mechanically ventilated patients may help reduce the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux and lead to a decreased incidence of VAP. The one randomized trial to date of semi- recumbent positioning shows it to be an effective method of reducing VAP. Immobility in critically ill patients leads to atelectasis and decreased clearance of bronchopulmonary secretions. The accumulation of contaminated oropharyngeal secretions above the endotracheal tube cuff may contribute to the risk of aspiration. Removing these

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

The sudden inhalation of a foreign body into the respiratory system results in acute respiratory distress, chronic pulmonary infections, atelectasis, and even death (1). Aspiration of foreign bodies is more common in children because the molar teeth are not developed, and children tend to play or talk with food and small objects in the mouth. Another factor that contributes to foreign body aspiration in children is the relatively smaller diameter of their airway.

pneumoniae and there chemotactic signals and the host cell’s alternate pathway, invade the alveoli. Also red blood cells are recruited to this site. In the third stage, mostly neutrophils are packed into the alveoli and very few bacteria remain. In the final stage, macrophages eliminate the remaining residue from the inflammatory response. As one can see, the damage which is done to the lung is largely a result of the host’s inflammatory response, which causes the build up of fluids in the lungs. If S. pneumoniae is allowed to persist in the lungs it can then invade the blood, which causes bacteremia. When in the blood it can traverse the blood-brain barrier and infect the meninges, which results in meningitis. S. pneumoniae is also associated with diseases in other parts of the respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses, which is better known as sinusitis, and the middle ear can become infected, which is known as otitis media. It has also been known to cause peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal wall, and it is also implicated in causing arthritis.

Aspiration is the breathing in (inhalation) of a liquid or object into the lungs. Things that can be inhaled into the lungs include:

“Aspiration is defined as the inhalation of either oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways, that is, the act of taking foreign material into the lungs” (Stearns, Swaminathan, Varkey, Varkey, 2015). Ordinarily the body has structures and defenses to prevent aspiration of foreign matter into the lungs. The epiglottis is a leaf like structure that closes off the glottis to divert food, particles, and liquids to the stomach and prevents entry into the lungs. In cases that the epiglottis fails to function properly, entry of the particles enters, or is aspirated, into the upper airways and lung tissues. Gastric fluid entering the lung tissues can cause damage to the alveoli in the lungs by washing out the surfactant and causing the

Ms. G. was admitted to the hospital for scheduled gastric bypass surgery on 9/14/2010. On 9/15/2010 she aspirated dye during a post-operative test. This began the process of aspiration caused pneumonia for Ms. G. Signs and symptoms of respiratory problems began immediately. However she was released on 9/17/2010. She was admitted for pneumonia on 9/18/2010. Ms. G. stated that “the two radiologists began arguing because the first radiologist was forcing me to drink faster than I could tolerate due to my gastric bypass surgery.” She began choking on the dye and aspirated it into her lungs.

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body.