Assess The Difference Between Implicit And Explicit Memory

Changes due to the aging process also need to be addressed. Calcium reabsorption increases especially in women after the menopause, this decreases bone density. Lean tissue decreases as fat increases with age; there is also a decline in the percentage of body water meaning that body temperature is more difficult to control. Thirst decline and decreased renal function means that older people can become dehydrated (Copeman 1999). The function of the bowel reduces, meaning that the elderly are more susceptible to indigestion and constipation. The risk of constipation is also increased with Parkinson’s disease (Parkinson’s UK 2011). The final consideration is the deterioration of the sensory system. Taste, smell, vison, pain and touch all decline meaning that food may not be as appealing (Copeman 1999).

Memory is the retention of information over time and it changes through our lifespan, from infancy through adulthood (Santrock 218). There are two types of memory, explicit and implicit.

As we age, our brain and nervous system go through natural changes. An aging adult may experience memory loss, decreased touch sensation, change in the perception of pain, change in sleep pattern, decreased coordination and increased risk for infection (Ignatavicius, 2013, p. 912) .

Memory is a set of cognitive processes that allow us to remember past information (retrospective memory) and future obligations (prospective memory) so we can navigate our lives. The strength of our memory can be influenced by the connections we make through different cognitive faculties as well as by the amount of time we spend devoting to learning specific material across different points in time. New memories are created every time we remember specific event, which results in retrospective memories changing over time. Memory recall can be affected retrospectively such as seeing increased recall in the presence of contextual cues or false recall of information following leading questions. Memory also includes the process

Feldman (2011) further explains that explicit and implicit memories emerge at different rates and involve different parts of the brain. The earliest memories seem to be implicit, and they involve the cerebellum and the brain stem. The forerunner of explicit memory involves the hippocampus, but explicit memory does not emerge until the second half of the first year (p.152).

32. Motor responses take __longer__ to occur in older adults. This can result in a slowing of simple everyday activities such as __walking__ and __talking__.

In early and middle adulthood, the physical and cognitive changes are less dramatic compared with the other stages. After their 30s or 40s, the adults cannot recover from their muscular tension like in the previous stages. Also, adults show a decline in their sensory abilities, vision and hearing ability. In the middle adulthood, people start experiencing various diseases such as low bone density, diabetes, high cholesterol, and blood pressure. They also show some decline in the cognitive and sensory abilities during this stage ("M. LIBRARIES," n.d., para. 10).

Craft, J Gordon, C 2011, ‘Alterations in neurological function across the life span’, in J Craft, C Gordon, A Tiziani (eds), Understanding pathophysiology, Elsevier Mosby, Chatswood, NSW, pp. 188-226.

As people age the reaction time significantly deteriorates causing slower stimulus responses. Seen in figure 1, the values displayed a direct relationship, which showed reaction time worsened with age. This may be due to the “white” matter also known as the myelin sheath is slowly dispersing, this then may lead to slower brain power. The myelin sheath which creates faster brain access for neurons, gradually exacerbates with age because between the age brackets of 0-30 the brain is at full arousal but after the age of 30 the brain starts to slowly degrade, causing lose of power and speed to respond quickly. This clearly showed that reaction is heavy associated with age. Another trend seen in the graph is that between the age of 30 and under

I find that how there are so many types of memory lost in Chapter 8 pg 374. To understand the nature of memory changes, one must consider they our memory is a traditionally viewed in three differently sequential components which are Sensory Memory, Short -Term Memory (also called working memory), and Long-Term Memory. It’s funny how both sensory memory and short-term memory show virtually no waking in middle age, where as on then other hand Long-term memory declines for some people. From what I’ve read it sounds like our memory declining in middle age for us are relatively and most can be compensated for it by various cognitive strategies. In order for us to recall information we often use Schemas which are organized bodies of information stored

As age increases, we can expect some loss of heart, lung, joint, and sexual functioning. Some loss of brain cells and mental efficiency is a normal part of

Deterioration of memory is another symptom that is frequently reported in patients with Huntington’s disease. “Individuals with the disease will have difficulty learning new information and retrieving previously learned information”(Paulsen, 2011). Paulsen stated that implicit memory may be affected more than anything. He states that implicit memory is, “collections of coordinated movements and skills that allow an individual to ride a bike, play a musical instrument, and perform tasks such as driving a car.” Righi, Galli, and Paganini also stated that due to the deficit in memory, these individuals present with time perception impairments. They found this information by performing a test that included time perception performance and temporal

“Memory is the mental faculty for recalling ideas. In the initial stage of the memory process sensory signals are retained for a very short time perhaps only fractions of a second. A person who is wide awake memorize far better than a person who is in a state of mental fatigue” (Cohen, Taylor, Memmler 2009). Memory is defined in Goldstein’s book as: the process involved in retaining retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas and skills after the original information is no longer present. He goes on to say that memory is active any time some past experience has an effect on the way you think or behave now or in the future. (Goldstein, 2015). One system supports conscious retrieval of facts and event details (explicit memory), another supports the production of learned fear responses without conscious thought (implicit memory (Philbert, Belzung, Griebel 2015).

Memory makes us. It is, to an extent, a collection of unique and personal experiences that we, as individuals, have amassed over our lifetime. It is what connects us to our past and what shapes our present and the future. If we are unable remember the what, when, where, and who of our everyday lives, our level of functioning would be greatly impacted. Memory is defined as or recognized as the “sum or total of what we remember.” Memory provides us the ability to learn and adjust to or from prior experiences. In addition, memory or our ability to remember plays an integral role in the building and sustaining of relationships. Additionally, memory is also a process; it is how we internalize and store our external environment and experiences. It entails the capacity to remember past experiences, and the process of recalling previous experiences, information, impressions, habits and skills to awareness. It is the storage of materials learned and/or retained from our experiences. This fact is demonstrated by the modification, adjustment and/or adaptation of structure or behavior. Furthermore, we as individuals, envision thoughts and ideas of the present through short-term memory, or in our working memory, we warehouse past experiences and learned values in long-term memory, also referred to as episodic or semantic memory. Most importantly, memory is malleable and it is intimately linked to our sense of identity and where we believe we belong in the world.

It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as one reaches old age. Studies